政治暴力
Throughout history, violence has been used to affect political change. Riots have led to revolutions; revolutions to wars; wars to unimaginable atrocities. The 20th century has witnessed violence on an unprecedented scale. Captured in the lens of the world’s media, political violence has grown into an epidemic of terror.
在整个历史中，武力常被用作改变政治局势的工具，让暴乱演变成革命，革命激变成战争，战争变成难以想象的暴虐。20世纪见证了前所未有的武力，在全球媒体的注视下，政治暴力已被恐怖分子的风气所代替。
At the turn of the century, anarchism was the savage catalyst. In 1911, police lay siege to anarchist assassins in a London Street. The anarchists wanted to purify the world of the old elites, Indiscriminate violence became their creed. In New York in 1920, 40 people were killed and 300 people injured by the arbitrary destruction of a bomb on Wall Street.
在世纪交替之际，无政府主义常造成暴力事件。1911年，警察在伦敦街头包围了无政府主义暗杀分子。无政府主义者旨在铲除旧精英阶层，[有错杀，不放过]成了他们的信念。1920年，纽约华尔街，一次任意的炸弹破坏事件造成40人被杀，300人受创。
Anarchism was world-wide, When King Alexander of Yugoslavia visited the South of France in 1934, he became the victim of the most ominous anarchist weapon, assassination. 20th century assassins have become as potent as the century’s leaders, They have sparked wars, toppled governments, terrorized the world.
无政府主义者遍布全世界，1934年，南斯拉夫亚历山大王造访法国南部时，他成了无政府主义的祭品：他被暗杀了。20世纪的刺客与这世纪的政客有着同样的权力，他们掀起战火、颠覆政权，更令世界陷于恐怖之中。
In 1968, Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Bobby Kennedy, America was thrown into turmoil, The terror of the assassins was absolute; one of the most powerful political families in history has lost two sons to their bullets. In Russia, the assassination of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family saw a People’s Revolution turn into State Terrorism. Lenin’s radical and violent ideas of revolution had led the Bolshevik’s to power, His secret police, the Cheka, maintained it. When an attempt was made on Lenin’s life in 1918, 800 people were killed in revenge. The violence of the Red Army swept through the Civil War which followed the Revolution, Its leader, Leon Trotsky had claimed every State is based on terror. In 1940, he became he victim of such terror when the new leader of the communist state Josef Stalin had him murdered. Stalin’s paranoid and genocidal ”Great Purges” had terrorized a nation for 8 years. By 1938, 20 million people had perished.
1968年，西肯暗杀了巴比肯尼迪，全美国陷入骚乱之中，刺客带来了绝对的恐怖气氛；历史上最有影响力的政治家族里，两个孩子都毙命于他们的子弹之下。在俄国，沙皇尼古拉斯二世的全部家族都被暗杀，民众的革命立刻激变成全国恐怖主义。列宁激进而暴力的革命思想把布尔什维克推到政权上，他的秘密警察[契加]暗地里维持着他的统治。1918年，有谋算列宁性命的人反遭报复，800人丧命。整场内战充斥着红军暴力的纪录，随之而来的是革命。它的领袖，利昂托洛斯基宣称：每个国家都以恐怖行动为基础。1940年，他自己成了恐怖行动的牺牲品，新领袖约瑟夫斯大林上台便把他谋杀了。斯大林充满妄想症和种族灭绝的思想，他的[大清党]使国家陷入8年的恐慌中。1938年，2千万人在人间蒸发了。
Nazi Germany epitomized State Terror under the despotic leadership of Adolf Hitler. He rose to power through widespread intimidation of the Weimar Republic. The Sturmabteilung or SA were his weapon, But when Brownshirts demanded more status, Hitler ordered the murder of over 400 SA officers. The Night of the Long Knives was a glimpse of the nightmares to come. Heinrich Himmler was the chief architect of that nightmare, He shared Hitler’s obsession with an Aryan master race, Together they manufactured the genocide of the Final Solution. As many as 6 million Jews died during the Holocaust.
纳粹德国在专制领袖希特勒的领导下，成了恐怖国家的缩影。他凭借威胁威玛政府而获得政权，冲锋队就是他手上的武器，但当棕色衬衣意图得到更大权力时，希特勒下令对超过400个冲锋队军官格杀勿论。随着[长剑之夜]而来的是一连串的梦魇。希姆莱就是那梦魇的主要设计者，他与希特勒共同分享一个优秀的雅利安民族，他们共同创造大结局，种族灭绝。在大屠杀里，整整死了600万犹太人。
The violence of guerrilla warfare has been a feature of the 20th century. Mao Tse Tung’s vision of a guerrilla army swimming invisibly in the sea of the people has inspired revolutions around the world. Mao was born into a peasant community, Convinced of their virtues, he built his army around them. Rural peasants had little chance in open combat, But guerrilla fighters dedicated to a ”long war” in the countryside could encircle the city and seize power. Fidel Castro’s rebels won a war in the Cuban hills. In 1959, his revolutionary force defeated General Batista’s regular army. In Vietnam, General Gap’s Viet Cong turned military weakness into a strategy for victory. His invisible guerrilla force defeated one of the mightiest armies in the world. The protest movement against the Vietnam War radicalized student opinion in the west, Guerrilla tactics switched to the city in an atmosphere of urban revolution.
暴力的游击战成了20世纪最大的特征。毛泽东的游击队在浩瀚的人民海洋中隐秘地潜行，引发了世界各地的革命。毛泽东生在一民间社团里，受到了他们的影响，他建立了自己的军队。平民一般很难有作战的机会，但游击战士在城郊作持久战往往能包围城市，夺取政权。卡斯特罗的叛军在古巴的小丘上赢了漂亮一仗。1959年，他的革命军打败了巴蒂斯塔的常规部队。在越南，夹皮将军的越共把军队的弱点转化成获胜的策略，他的隐型游击队伍打败了世界上一个最强的军队之一。反越战的示威行动激化了西方学生的思想，游击战术转移到城市，带有都市革命的气氛。
In Germany a group of students inspired by a cocktail of Marxism and Maoism formed the Badder-Meinhof gang, Through a campaign of bombing, kidnapping and murder, they tried to incite government repression and so promote revolution, But revolution never came, The gang leaders committed suicide in prison.
在德国，有一群学生把马克思主义和毛泽东思想混而为一，组成了拜德迈恩霍夫党，通过爆炸活动，诱骗和谋杀，他们常煽动政府迫害，以期造成革命，但革命总是迟迟不来，那些党领袖都在狱中自杀了。
In Peru, guerrilla warfare forced a complete breakdown of democracy; brought 1/3 of the country under military rule; and prompted a counter-insurgency campaign of terrifying brutality. In 1968, university professor Abimael Guzman founded the group Sendero Luminoso in the name of Mao’s ”Shining Path to Communism”. Within 15 years, the fanaticism of his supporters created one of the world’s most ruthless terror organizations. From their small rural bases, Sendero entered the cities, Their goal: to kill all representatives of the modern state and destroy all foreign influences. The army’s response to Shining Path violence became uncompromising; Punish the peasant communities suspected of shielding the guerrilla forces its only tactic was to match brutality with brutality. The people of Peru were caught in a crossfire of violence, The cruelty and terror of the revolutionaries and the government were indistinguishable.
在秘鲁，游击队造成民主的完全倒塌，军政府占领了1/3的地方，并发起了一场恐怖的反叛乱运动。1968年，大学教授阿比马尔古兹曼借用了毛泽东的[共产主义光明路]成立了组织[光明之路]，在15年里，法西斯主义他的支持者建立了世上最无情的一个恐怖主义组织，由他们微小的农村根据地开始，光明之路开进了城市，他们的目标：把现代化城市的重要人物全部杀光，消灭一切外国势力。军队对光明之路的态度开始强硬起来，惩罚那些他们怀疑窝藏游击军人的民间团体，他们唯一的策略就是：以暴制暴。秘鲁人民在这些暴虐的交锋中被捕，这时，是革命者所行的暴虐和恐怖，还是政府的，已难以识别。
Reactionary regimes have abused their power all over the world. Latin American has produced some of the most invidious. By the late 1970s, 2/3 of the sub-continent lived under military dictatorships. Human rights and the rule of law became redundant, Defeat of subversion was the top priority. But most military coups have had a measure of civilian support. Over 2 million people elected Juan Peron to the presidency of Argentina in 1946. His use of torture, censorship and exile was hidden behind the veil of popular appear afforded by his superstar wife, Eva. After Person’s death in 1974, political violence erupted between right-wing death squads and left-wing terror groups. Once again the military stepped in, In 1976, Person’s third wife Isabel was deposed by General Jorge Videla, He became de facto president, and set up a three-man military junta, But behind the smokescreen of conventional manoeuvres, the regime propped itself up, with a hidden ”Dirty War”, Over thousand Argentinians were kidnapped, tortured, murdered. The victims became known as the Desaparceido (the Disappeared). The full extent of the butchery came to light in 1977, when the Mothers of the Disappeared began to protest against the abduction of their children. Many still maintain their vigil.
反动乱的政权已在世界各地滥用他们的权力。南美已造成许多不公平之事，70年代后期，2/3人民活在独裁军政府的统治下。人权和法治已变得多余，铲除异己成了当务之急。但绝大部分政变都得到一定数目民众的支持，超过2百万人在1946年阿根廷选举中投了贝隆神将军的神圣一票。他滥用严刑、审查和流放全都暗藏在他那超级巨星太太伊塔的锋芒之后。贝隆死于1974年后，在右翼和左翼恐怖组织之间爆发了政治暴力。军队再次踏足此地，1976年贝隆的第三任妻子伊莎贝尔被威迪尔勒上将拉下台来，他成了实质的总统，更组成了三人军旅，然而在这烟幕之后，令这政权得以维持的东西是一个隐蔽的[肮脏战]，超过2万5千阿根廷人被拐走、拷打、杀害，这些受害者都被称为：[消失者]。这百分百的人肉市场，终于在1977年被曝光，这些[消失者]的母亲开始为孩子们被诱拐而发出抗议，很多仍然在守夜。
In El Salvador, the military was trained, armed and financed by the United States for 20 years, Their official target was the Marxist guerrilla force, the FLMN. But in reality, the military’s death squads waged a wanton campaign against anyone it considered a threat to its absolute power. Appalled by the carnage, Catholic Churchmen spoke out for the oppressed of El Salvador. Priests became enemies of the state, Leaflets were distributed, Be a Patriot, Kill a Priest, they said. In February 1980, the Archbishop of El Salvador, Oscar Romero begged US President Carter to stop funding the governing Junta, A few weeks later, whilst celebrating the sacrifice of the mass, he was killed by a single bullet. Romero’s death was a powerful catalyst for more violence, Fighting between the army and the FLMN lasted a further 11 years. 11 years in which military death squads committed 95 percent of atrocities against the innocent people of El Salvador.
在萨尔瓦多，这支军队受过训练、装备充足，并得到美国20年的财政支持。官方的目标原是马克思主义游击势力，但实际上，这支敢死队有更不可告人的任务：清除任何它认为对政权有威胁性的人。天主教对这次屠杀大感震惊，它的发言人为萨尔瓦多的镇压而讲话，牧师顷刻间变成国家的敌人，满街的宣传单沸沸扬扬，宣布着：要做爱国者，就杀一个牧师吧。1980年2月，萨尔瓦多的罗慕诺主教恳求美国总统卡特停止支援这支军队。数星期之后，在纪念群众牺牲的日子，他被一颗子弹杀了。罗慕诺的死成了更多暴力的催化剂，军队与游击队的征战持续了整整11年，11年来这支敢死队，在无辜的萨尔瓦多百姓中间总共完成了百分之95的任务。
Hunger stalks the slums of Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. The shanty towns gave birth to the world’s most notorious death squads, the Tontons Macoute. Their reign began in 1957, under the dictator Papa Doc Duvalier. “The Haitian people know only one leader in the Haitian Republic, This leader is Doctor Duvalier”. Duvalier ruled Haiti with a vicious mix of cruelty and superstition, the Tonton Macoute were Voodoo bogeymen said to drink the blood of their victims. When Duvalier’s son Baby Doc took power in 1971, the ranks of the Macoutes swelled to 300 thousand. 15 years later a military coup ousted Duvalier, The people rebelled against the stranglehold of the Tonton Macoutes, But they were powerless. Reborn as FRAPH, the terror of the death squads continued unabated.
在海地的贫民窟里饥荒肆虐，西半球最贫穷的国家。这个简陋的小镇孕育了世界上最声名狼藉的敢死队：马库特大叔。他们在1957年开始了统治期，在德劳克的独裁下。海地人民在海地共和国里只有一个领导者，他就是德劳克博士。德劳克用极其残暴和迷信的方式进行统治。马库特大叔都是伏都教的迷信者，传说他会喝受者的血。当他的儿子多克在1971年得到政权后，马库特的军旅立时激增至30万。15年后一次军变取代了德劳克，群众起来反叛马库特大叔的暴政，但他们终究是手无寸铁，敢死队以[进步革命阵线]的新姿态卷土从来。
In May 1958, the city of Algiers welcomed one of the most prodigious political leaders of the century, General Charles De Gaulle. In her turmoil over colonial Algeria, France had elected and lost presidents, Only de Gaulle could save France from civil war. In his speech, de Gaulle avowed that there was only one category of citizen in Algeria: Frenchmen. But he knew that Algerian independence was inevitable. The Algerian nationalists had begun the rural uprising in 1954, As colonies were fighting for independence around the world, France was determined to hold on to Algeria, Half a million troops were sent to crush the conflict escalated into a vicious war. Atrocities were reported on both sides; Europeans were massacred, rebels were tortured and murdered. Nationalist terror tactics in Algiers were met by violent French retaliation. As the FLNs cause gained ground, de Gaulle yielded towards the possibility of Algerian self-rule. But the European community showed it would oppose even de Gaulle rather than accept independence, Break-away generals in the army led three White Revolts, French settlers fought the authority of Paris in the streets. Out of the failure of the white rebellions rose l’ Organisation de l’Armee Secrete, the OAS. It struck at the very heart of France and its leader; numerous attempts were on de Gaulle’s life. By 1962, public opinion on both sides of the Mediterranean had tired of the violence, After 7 years of bitter fighting, independence was granted to Algeria, Over 1 million people had died in one of the most violent colonial struggles of the century.
在1958年5月，阿尔及尔迎接了20世纪中最伟大的政治领袖之一，夏尔戴高乐。在阿尔及尼亚的混乱殖民时代里，法国已经撤换并失去了6位总统，唯独戴高乐使法国免于内战。在他的讲话中，戴高乐宣布阿尔及尼亚只有一种公民：法国人。但他深知阿尔及尼亚人的独立只是迟早的事情。阿尔及尼亚的爱国者早已在1954年有了农村起义，当全球殖民地都为独立而抗争时，法国坚决对阿尔及尼亚不放手，50万军队被派遣镇压这些冲突事件，并逐步升级至战事。两边不断宣布发生暴力事件，欧洲人被屠杀，叛乱者被施以酷刑和杀害。阿尔及尼亚爱国者的恐怖战略与法国残暴的复仇者正面交锋。当阿尔及尼亚人节节胜利时，戴高乐终于屈服于阿尔及尼亚自治的可能性之下。然而欧洲大表反对，即使戴高乐宁可接受他们的独立，变节将领统帅[白兵]，法国殖民者于巴黎权力在街上斗争。白兵失败的结果引发了秘密警察OAS的出现，它像是给法国领导阶层一拳重击，无数人想对戴高乐下手。1962年地中海两边的民意都显示他们对武力已极感疲累。经过7年苦战后，阿尔及尼亚终于获得了独立。可在这世纪最暴力的殖民斗争里有100万人丧命。
In India independence brought tragedy, The boundaries drawn up by the Partition of India and Pakistan became battlefields. Over 1 million people were slaughtered as refugees fled their homes to join the new states allied to their religions. The feast of violence devoured even Mahatma Gandhi, the Hindu apostle of non-violence, He was killed by a Hindu fanatic in January 1948. 3 decades after Partition, the legacy of communal violence re-emerged in the Indian province of the Punjab. In 1981, a Sikh preacher, jar nail Singh Bhindranwale emerged as he leader of an extremist group demanding an independent Sikh state of Khalistan, Bhindranwale and his gunmen turned the Golden Temple of Amritsar into an armoured fortress. Following the escalation of atrocious violence against Hindus, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the expulsion of Bhindranwale. On 5th June, 1984, the whole of Punjab was sealed off, journalists were escorted out of the state, After dark the army stormed the Golden Temple, Sikhs loyal to the Indian army washed the blood from the floors of their holiest shrine, 80 soldiers were killed during the siege, Bhindranwale and over 600 hundred of his militant followers were dead. The siege alienated moderate Sikh opinion, Violent disturbances erupted across the state. Four months after the storming of the temple, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by Sikn members of her bodyguard, Only the appointment of her son Ragiv as prime minister quelled the ensuing communal bloodshed, the fiercest since partition.
印度独立带来悲剧，印度和巴基斯坦的边界变成了战场，超过100万人难民被屠杀，他们逃亡信仰的盟国。暴力的盛宴把圣雄甘地和反暴力的印度圣徒都吞吃了，他在1948年一月被印度教信徒所杀。就在分割后30年，暴力再次于印度的西北部旁遮普邦复燃。1981年，锡克教传教士泽那西以极端主义组织领袖的身份出现，要求成立独立的锡克教克里斯坦国，泽那西和他的战友把阿姆利则的金庙变成了军事要地，随着对印度教徒暴力的增加，副总理甘地下令把泽那西驱逐出去。1984年5月6日，整个旁遮普邦被封锁，新闻记者被请逐离开，在金神殿的军政风暴过后，锡克教信徒仍效忠印度军队，他们清洗最神圣的神像的地面。在这次围城中，80名士兵被杀害，泽那西与他超过600名跟随者全都死了。这次围城使温和的锡克教徒更加分化，暴力骚动在全国爆发。在神殿的风暴发生的4个月后，甘地被他的锡克教徒保镖所刺杀，他的儿子拉吉甘地成为首相，随之而来的最血腥的大血洗才能被平息。
Ragiv’s leadership was tested in 1987, India became involved in one of the most violent separatist struggles by the Tamils of Sri Lanka. For 10 years a bloody war had raged between Tamil separatists and the majority Sinhalese, Distinct in race and religion, the Tamils sought autonomy in the north of the island, The militant ”Tamil Tigers” spearheaded the struggle, Trained in the ethnically related Indian province of Tamil Nadu, the Tigers became one of the most formidable guerrilla groups in the world. When the Sinhalese government responded with violent attacks on Tamil areas, Ragiv sent in Indian troops to police a proposed peace treaty, But the treaty failed. Indian intervention only served to strengthen Tamil militancy, A new unit, the Black Tigers began an even more violent campaign. In 1991, a Tamil suicide bomber assassinated Ragiv Gandhi, His funeral marked the end of an Indian dynasty.
拉吉的领导在1987年时受到考验，印度陷入了斯里兰卡泰米尔分离主义者最暴力的斗争之中。在这10年里，一场血腥的战争在泰米尔猛虎组织和少数民族僧伽罗人爆发了，因为种族和宗教的差异，泰米尔人寻求在北部获得自主，泰米尔军人[泰米尔之虎]首先率领这场争斗，他们在有民族关系的纳度省受训，那些[小虎]成了世界上最强大的游击队伍之一。当僧伽罗政府在泰米尔地区进行武力还击时，拉吉派遣印度军队为和平条约签字维持秩序，但条约失败了，印度的干预只为强化在泰米尔的军政势力，新的黑虎部队开始了更暴力的运动。1991年，泰米尔自杀炸弹把拉吉甘地炸死了，他的葬礼同时标志着印度王朝的死亡。
In Ireland in 1916, a secret brother hood tried to overthrow British colonial rule by force, But within 5 days their revolution was in ruins, Hundreds were deported, 15 of the leaders were executed, Irish nationalism stirred like never before. Eamon de Valera and guerrilla leader Michael Collins began a terror campaign against the British army in Ireland. 200 thousand joined their partisan Irish Republican Army. British fought fire with fire, importing its own hard men, the Black and Tans, Their savage reprisals became legendary. Ireland buckled under the strain of the onslaught, After 6 exhaustive years, a Treaty was reached, Ireland was divided into an independent catholic south and a Protestant-dominated, British north to be called Ulster. Once again, partition brought bloodshed, Civil war was waged over irreconcilable differences. Over 40 years later, the legacy of partition exploded in Ulster, Catholics had long suffered under the Protestant majority. In 1968, the Civil Rights Movement was formed, Peaceful protest marches erupted in response to police aggression. The IRA re-emerged as the Provisional IRA, self-proclaimed successors to the freedom fighters of 1916. As the conflict escalated, British troops were sent to keep the peace and protect the catholic minority, But the IRA soon changed the perception of the British army from saviours to oppressors. In January 1972, the British parachute regiment open fire during a civil rights march, 13 people died. It became known as ”Bloody Sunday”.
1916年的爱尔兰，一个秘密组织意图以武力去除英国的殖民统治，但他们5年来的革命行动都付诸东流，上百人被驱逐，15名领袖被处决，爱尔兰民族主义前所未有的扩散起来。阿蒙德瓦勒拉与游击队领袖麦可柯林斯开始了一场恐怖行动对抗爱尔兰的英国驻军，20万人加入他们的爱尔兰共和军。英国与他们交火，输入他们的壮士，黑和棕色皮肤的人，他们暴力的报复行动成了传奇。爱尔兰被紧紧地封锁，6年极为疲惫的煎熬过后，达成了一个条款，爱尔兰被分成独立的天主教南部与英国新教统领的北部：阿尔斯特。再一次，分裂带来了血洗，不能妥协的矛盾酿成了连绵内战。40多年后，分裂的后遗症在阿尔斯特爆发出来，天主教徒长期被新教徒强大的势力欺凌。1968年，民权运动成形了，并爆发了和平示威以回应警察的攻击。爱尔兰共和军以临时爱尔兰共和军的姿态出现，并自称为1916年自由争取者的继承人。当冲突加深时，英国派出军队以维持和平，并保护少数天主教徒，但爱军很快把英国军队视为镇压者，而不再是救星。在1972年1月的一次人权示威中，英国空降兵部队首先开火，13人死。这就是著名的[血色星期日]。
Spain has also faced a long and bitter separatist campaign, The people of the Basque region have sought a State of their own for centuries. The radical group ETA began terrorizing Spain in 1959, ETA formed during the dictatorship of General Franco, Its members were popularized as resistance fighters against his suppression of the Basque people. In December 1973, they staged their greatest coup: the assassination of Admiral Carrero Blanco, Franco’s chosen successor. Violence escalated in the 80’s, Inspired by the IRA, a new radical wing of ETA ignored growing public doubts, Hundreds were killed in indiscriminate bombings. But the public voice was heard in 1997, In July, 5 million people across Spain protested at the murder of town councillor Miguel Angel Blanco. Throughout the world people have wrestled with their own moral dilemma between the desire for self-determination & the need for peace.
西班牙也难免面对又长又痛苦的种族分离运动，巴斯克地区的人几个世纪以来一直寻求自己的国家。激进的艾塔组织，在1959年开始把西班牙恐怖化。艾塔组织在佛朗哥将军的独裁统治时成立，它的成员都是英勇好斗的战斗者，都深深反对佛朗哥队巴斯克人的压迫。1973年12月，他们策划了最大的政变：暗杀白朗哥，佛朗哥的继承人。暴力在80年代逐步升级，他们从爱尔兰军得到启发，新的激进艾塔组织无视于公众的日益疑惑，上百人在无情的炸弹下丧生。终于在1997年有了公众的回音，7月份，西班牙从东到西500万人抗议市议员吉米内兹被杀害。整个世界，人们不断与自己的思想矛盾作斗争，游移于争取主权与维持和平的两难选择之间。
In the 20 century, religious fervour has been as powerful as any political ideal. In Palestine it radicalized one of the most violent conflicts in the world. The heart of the Arab-Israeli crisis is Jerusalem, the holiest of all cities, For Muslims it’s where the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven, For Jews, it’s where Solomon built the Temple. Centuries of persecution of the Jews culminated in the horrors of Hitler’s Holocaust, The survivors demanded self-determination; a homeland, a return to Palestine, Following months of massive immigration, the end of the Second World War brought the Jewish Revolt against the British mandate in Palestine. An underground Zionist army, the Hagannah, and 2 militant groups, the lrgun Svai Leumi and the Stern Gang began the fight for Jewish Statehood, In restricting the influx of Jews into Palestine, they believed that the British had betrayed the Jewish people, They unleashed a relentless campaign of violence against the British army.
在20世纪，宗教狂热的力量可以媲美任何政治理想，巴勒斯坦激化了世界上最暴力的斗争，阿拉伯与以色列危机的中心是耶路撒冷：世上最神圣的圣城。对穆斯林来说，它是先知默罕默德升天的地方，对犹太人来说，它是所罗门建圣殿之处。世纪以来对犹太人的迫害，在希特勒的大屠杀中积累。生还者要求自决权，一个家园，并重返巴勒斯坦。几个月的乔迁之后，二次大战的结束把犹太人对英国在巴勒斯坦管制的痛恨带来了。一个地下拥护犹太人复国运动组织哈格纳，和两个军事组织伊尔根和斯特恩党开始为犹太复国而战，因对犹太人流入巴勒斯坦的限制，又深信英国曾被判犹太人，他们因此对英国军队深恶痛绝，并爆发了一连串残酷的暴力运动。
In July 1946, the lrgun delivered its most dramatic attack when it blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the headquarters of the British Administration, 91 people were killed. The relentless violence forced the British to abandon its mandate to the United Nations. As Jewish statehood neared, violence between Jews and Arabs erupted. For the Arabs, the State of Israel meant the destruction of a way of life they had known for centuries. In their eyes, the Jewish terror campaign had worked.
1946年7月，伊尔根作出最猛烈的突击，把在耶路撒冷的大卫王酒店英国行政总部整个炸毁，91人死。无情的暴力行动迫使英国政府向联合国放下它的统治权，当犹太复国的日子临近，犹太人和阿拉伯人间的矛盾加剧。对阿拉伯人来说，以色列国意味着他们数个世纪的生活的破坏。在他们眼中，犹太人的恐怖活动是有力量的。
On 14th May, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the leader of the Hagannah army announced he establishment of the State of Israel, With it came the Partition Plan. Nearly 9000 Palestinian refugees fled to neighboring Arab countries, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan all became embroiled in the conflict. The horrific spiral of violence in the Middle East had begun. In the early 1960s, Palestinian grievances turned to action, From their base in Jordan, the guerrilla group Fatah under the leadership of Yasser Arafat pledged he violent destruction of Israel and the return of the Palestinians to their homeland. Palestinian violence escalated with the formation of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. In September 1970, they held three jets to ransom on Dawsons Field in Jordan, As a world-wide television audience looked on in horror, they blew up the striken symbols of western technology. The world awoke to the menace of international terrorism. In 1972, Lod International Airport in Tel Aviv was attacked by Japanese sympathizers to the Palestinian cause. Just 4 months later, the Munich Olympics were blighted by one of terrorism’s most infamous act. The Palestinian group ”Black September” stormed the Israeli athletes’ dormitory, They killed 2 of them and took 9 hostages. The German police planned an armed rescue, But in the confusion of the gun battles, all the hostages, a German policeman and five terrorists were killed. Following the atrocities of 1972, Jordan expelled the Palestinians, Their relocation to Lebanon destabilised a region already in religious turmoil. The Israeli invasion of 1982 attempted to clear Southern Lebanon of the PLO forces. after a 2 month seige of Beirut, the Palestinians left under a multi-national protectorate, As many as 30 thousand people had been killed, the majority civilians. In August, under the authority of Israel, Christian Phalangists raided the Palestinian camps of Sabra and Chatilla, What was meant as a search for remaining terrorists became a massacre, 2000 Palestinians were killed. 20 years after the -Day War, the Palestinians of the Occupied Territories continued to live in poverty. A new generation which had grown up under Israeli rule was inspired by the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Islamic fundamentalism radicalized the youths of Gaza and the West Bank, They began the Intifada. The Palestinian ”war of stones” was met with live Israeli ammunition. The uprising saw the birth of ”Hamas”, In attempts to derail the peace process, its military wing became responsible for yet more violent atrocities in Israel. Despite Hamas violence, the interim peace accord of September 1993 gave Palestinian Authority to Gaza and a portion of the West Bank. Yasser Arafat’s return to Gaza was seen as the first step on a long march to peace. But peace is still a long way off, Radical Palestinians continued to pledged the destruction of Israel. The oldest ideology of all, religion, commands some of the most violent acts in the world today.
1948年5月14日，本古里安，哈格纳军的首相宣布建立以色列国，随之而来的当务之急就是划地。接近9000名巴勒斯坦难民逃离到邻近的阿拉伯国家，埃及、叙利亚、黎巴嫩和约旦全都卷进了纷争中，中东令人毛骨悚然的残暴力量已经开始。
60年代初期，巴勒斯坦把委屈化为行动，由他们在约旦的阵地，游击组织法塔在阿拉法特的领导下，誓言要武力铲除以色列，恢复巴勒斯坦人的家园。巴勒斯坦的武力随着巴勒斯坦解放阵线的成立而升级。1970年9月，他们在约旦的道林地进行勒索，全球电视观众都目睹此次惊世骇俗的事件，他们打着西方科技的旗帜炸毁了飞机。全世界都在恐怖主义威胁下觉醒着。1972年，特拉维夫国际机场，受到日本同情者的攻击。4个月后，慕尼黑奥运会被毁，这次行动由恐怖分子中最声名狼藉的巴勒斯坦组织[黑色九月]所为，以色列选手宿舍被血洗，2人被杀，9人成了人质。德国警方立即采取武装营救行动，但在枪林弹雨的混战当中，全部人质、一名德国警员和五名恐怖分子全部丧生。1972年的暴行之后，约旦把巴勒斯坦人驱逐出境，他们在黎巴嫩找到另一个据点，使这原有宗教纷争的地方变得更加鸡犬不宁。1982年以色列入侵意图清除黎巴嫩南部的巴解势力，在占领贝鲁特两个月后，巴勒斯坦人在多国统占的局势下离开，当地大部分居民被杀，为数三万。8月份，在以色列统治下，长枪党党员袭击巴勒斯坦沙伯及查地拉营地，那是一次对恐怖分子余党的大搜查，却变成了大屠杀，200名巴勒斯坦人被杀。6日战争的20年后，被占领的巴勒斯坦人仍生长在贫苦之中，成长在以色列统治的新一代深受1979年伊朗革命的影响，以色列原教旨主义，更激化了加沙和西岸的青年，他们开始了[阿克萨烈士旅]。巴勒斯坦的石头战与以色列的军火相对，这次起义造成了[哈马斯]的诞生，为了阻挠和平进程，它的军部造成了以色列更多的暴力恶行。尽管有哈马斯的暴行，1993年9月的和平协定使巴勒斯坦可以得到加沙的政权，同时得到西岸的部分土地，阿拉法特回到加沙被视为漫长和平进程的重要起步。然而和平之路比想象中要漫长得多，激进的巴勒斯坦人继续宣称要毁灭以色列。最古老的意识形态：宗教，造成了今日世界里最暴力的行动。
As the end of the century draws near, there seem to be no distinction between politics and religion, as the driving force for today’s violence. Religious fundamentalism is the new revolution. Revivalist Islamic groups are amongst the most deadly. In 1983, an Iranian-backed Hezbollah suicide bomber attacked the US marine barracks in Beirut, 241 servicemen died. 30 years after the struggle for independence, the streets of Algiers echo with revolution once again. Following the cancelled elections of 1991, a brutal war of terror has been fought between the Islamic Front and the military. Over 100 thousand people have died in the new civil war. In February 1993, a bomb in New York’s World Trade Centre killed 6 people and injured thousands. The work of anti-Western militant, Ramzi Ahmed Yousef has highlighted the reality of a broad international terrorist force united by religion.
随着世纪末的临近，政治与宗教的界限越来越模糊，作为今日世界暴力的推动者。宗教原教旨主义已成为新的革命。伊斯兰的信仰复兴组织是其中的佼佼者。1983年，爱尔兰支持的真主党进行炸弹自杀袭击贝鲁特的美国海军军营，241名军人无一生还。争取独立的30年后，阿尔及尔的街道再度响起革命的回声。在1991年选举废除后，伊斯兰阵线和军队之间爆发了最兽性的斗争。超过10万人在新内战中丧生。1993年2月，纽约世贸中心的爆炸杀死了6个人、上千人受伤，反西方的军人兰斯尤协夫所做的正显示出一股以宗教为联合的强大国际恐怖主义力量实体的存在。
Fundamentalist terrorism is world-wide, The radical right-wing militia movement in America uses the Bible to legitimize its violence against the government. In April 1995, militia-man Timothy McVeigh planted a bomb in the Federal Building in Oklahoma, It was the deadliest terrorist act ever committed on US soil; 168 people were killed. The rescue operation was broadcast live on television, The whole of America watched as firemen carried the bodies of children from the rubble.
原教旨主义恐怖主义是全球性的，美国的激进右翼军事运动，利用圣经把针对政府的暴行合法化。1995年4月，军人提姆斯梅克费在俄克拉何马州的联邦大厦里埋了一颗炸弹，这是美国国土上遇过的最恐怖的事件，造成168人死亡。电视直播了抢救行动，全美国人亲眼看着，消防员把小孩的身体从碎石中拉出来。
As the end of the century approaches, the level of indiscrimination violence is forcing the world to listen. Japanese cult leader Shoko Asahara preached that an apocalyptic war would destroy society. In 1995, members of his doomsday group Aum Shinri Kyo released poisonous nerve gas on the Tokyo underground, 12 were killed, 550 injured. lf religion is the driving force for terrorist of the future, will biological or even nuclear weapons be their instrument?
在世纪末来临之际，恐怖行动迫使全世界侧耳倾听，日本宗教领袖麻原彰晃宣讲会有一场毁灭整个世界的属天战争。1995年，他的[最高真理教]信徒在东京地铁释放神经毒气，550人受伤。假如宗教是未来恐怖主义的驱动力，那么生物或者核武是否会成为他们的武器？
Throughout the 20th century, the same mistakes have been made again and again. Ideologies the world over have created an escalating culture of terror. Always caught in the crossfire of the ”Politics of Violence”, the innocent.
整个20世纪中，同样的错误已被重复又重复，在意识形态的世界里，已创新了一种逐步升级的恐怖文化。最常在这种武力政治的交锋中牺牲的就是无辜者。
