{"id":6868,"date":"2008-07-04T18:53:48","date_gmt":"2008-07-04T23:53:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=6868"},"modified":"2008-07-04T18:53:48","modified_gmt":"2008-07-04T23:53:48","slug":"20080704%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%a4%a7%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%80%e7%99%be%e5%b9%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=6868","title":{"rendered":"20080704\/\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u767e\u5e74"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u65f6\u4e1c\u9646\/\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u6e05\u671d\u672b\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u7ecf\u6574\u6574\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u4e86\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u754c\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u754c\u5341\u5206\u5173\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6d41\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u8fdb\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5355\u5355\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u672c\u6587\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u8d70\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u5b66-\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7a1a\u578b<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5317\u5b8b\u5e74\u95f4\u516c\u5143976\u5e74\u5728\u6e56\u5357\u521b\u529e\u7684\u5cb3\u9e93\u4e66\u9662\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u201d\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c[1, 2]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u201d\u662f\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u7b80\u79f0\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ebd\u66fc\u6a21\u578b(Newman Model) [3]\u4e0e\u6d2a\u5821\u6a21\u578b(Humboldt Model) [4]\uff0c\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u53e4\u5178\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u666e\u901a\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66(\u7ebd\u66fc)\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66(\u6d2a\u5821)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5373\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8054\u7cfb\u5230\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u548c\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\uff1b\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u533b\u5b66\u201d\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u3002\u201d\u4ece\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u523b\u610f\u5bfb\u627e\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece80\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5426\u5b9a\u6c11\u56fd\u5e74\u95f4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u524d\u8f88\u4eec\u4e3a\u521b\u5efa\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5e08\u751f\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u5907\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u5b66\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u7acb\u535a\u58eb\u548c\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u521b\u529e\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u5802\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ebd\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u542f\u8499\u6559\u80b2(Liberal Education)\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u4fee\u517b(Character building)\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u529e\u5b66\u4eba\u7269\u5927\u591a\u7559\u5b66\u6b27\u7f8e\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u53c8\u5927\u591a\u5177\u6709\u6587\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5386\u6570\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6821\u957f\u4eec\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4f4d\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7ae0\u58eb\u948a,1909 – 1911\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u82f1\u56fd\u963f\u4f2f\u4e01\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\uff0c\u672a\u83b7\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c1911\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u848b\u68a6\u9e9f,19012-1917\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff0c1917\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u80e1\u9002,1914-1917\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c1917\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u4e25\u590d,1877-1879\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u82f1\u56fd\u666e\u8328\u8305\u65af\u5927\u5b66(\u666e\u901a\u672c\u79d1)\uff0c\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c1879\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u8521\u5143\u57f9,1907-1911\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u5fb7\u56fd\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u5927\u5b66(\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66)\uff0c\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c1911\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u6c64\u7528\u5f64,1919-1922\uff0c\u7559\u5b66\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\uff0c1922\u5e74\u56de\u56fd \u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5404\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u7ecf\u5386\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u957f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u848b\u68a6\u9e9f\u6700\u957f\uff0c\u51715\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5728\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e4b\u540e\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u56de\u56fd\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u7528\u3002\u7ae0\u58eb\u948a\u56de\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u3002\u80e1\u9002\u4efb\u9a7b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6b63\u7ecf\u5386\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u7684\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6587\u5316\u827a\u672f\u90fd\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6548\u4eff\u897f\u65b9\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u201d\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u201d\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u751a\u81f3\u63a8\u5d07\u201c\u8131\u4e9a\u5165\u6b27\u201d\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u3002\u5728\u6548\u4eff\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u674e\u53d4\u540c\u5f15\u8fdb\u8bb8\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6539\u7f16\uff0c\u6ce8\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5341\u5206\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u4eca\u5929\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u97f3\u4e50\u4ecd\u7136\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u529e\u6210\u6b27\u7f8e\u5f0f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u79bb\u6b27\u7f8e\u5f0f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u522b\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u529e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u529e\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u8fd8\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u6700\u8fd120\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5728\u6309\u7167\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u529e\u5b66\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u5404\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u4e2d\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u7ebd\u66fc\u548c\u6d2a\u5821\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u4e0a\u7531\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u6709\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u201d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u8a00\u5916\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u7ebd\u66fc\u548c\u6d2a\u5821\u7684\u539f\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c<\/p>\n

1\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u6025\u5267\u7684\u6269\u5927 2\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd 3\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u503e\u5411 4\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e72\u6d89 5\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784 6\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5411\u79d1\u7814 7\u3002\u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2 8\u3002\u8fc7\u5206\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c 9\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u73b0\u8c61<\/p>\n

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\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6559\u7814\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u77e5\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u6027\uff0c\u63a2\u5bfb\u601d\u7d22\uff0c\u70ed\u8877\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5173\u7231\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u5386\u5c3d\u8270\u8f9b\u3002\u4ece\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u521d\u521b\u65f6\u671f(1917-1937)\uff0c\u5230\u6218\u706b\u7eb7\u98de\u7684\u5c81\u6708(1937-1949)\u3002\u4ece\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6548\u4eff\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u4e1a\u9662\u6821\u548c\u9662\u7cfb\u8c03\u6b63\uff0c\u5230\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d(1966)\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u51e0\u7ecf\u78e8\u96be\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u4f4d\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u572850\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u5b8c\u5168\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u7ebd\u66fc\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u670d\u52a1\uff1b\u5176\u4e00\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u70b9\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u4e13\u95e8\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6807\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u754c\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u6548\u4eff\u6b27\u7f8e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ebd\u66fc\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u9ad8\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u53d6\u4ee3\u6b27\u7f8e\u7ebd\u66fc\u578b\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u7814\u57fa\u5730\u300252\u5e74\u9662\u7cfb\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u7ebd\u66fc\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u5e76\u5165\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u884c\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5e76\u5165\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff1b\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u9707\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u5e76\u5165\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u6d2a\u5821\u6a21\u578b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u4e0d\u8fc720\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u800c\u81ea1950\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u518d\u6ca1\u6709\u6062\u590d\u7ebd\u66fc\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u8fd920\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5462\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0a\u6a21\u4eff\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a <\/p>\n

\u5b66\u4f4d\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a\u5b66\u58eb\uff0c\u7855\u58eb\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\uff1b \u7ba1\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u7cfb\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b \u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u804c\u79f0\u548c\u540d\u8bcd\u57fa\u672c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u6821\u957f(President)\uff0c\u9662\u957f(Dean),\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb(Department Chair),\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2(Syllabus),\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4(Laboratory),\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3(Research Center),\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee(Research program),\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39(Research grant),\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u6548\u4eff\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e9b\u5927\u5b66\u66f4\u504f\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d44\u6df1\u6559\u6388\u5e26\u6570\u540d\u5e74\u8f7b\u6559\u5e08\u7ec4\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u3002\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u5219\u6b23\u8d4f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5355\u4e00\u9752\u5e74\u6559\u6388\u4e3a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u8bc4\u5ba1\u804c\u79f0\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u5b66\u4f4d\u7b54\u8fa9,\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\u7b49\u4f17\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u65e0\u5f02\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u5df2\u7ecf\u76f8\u5f53\u5ba2\u89c2\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u77ed\u77ed20\u5e74\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u901a\u8fc720\u5e74\u7684\u52aa\u529b(\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u52aa\u529b)\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u90a3\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u521d\u5177\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u6821\u56ed\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u7ecf\u8d39\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u79d1\u7814\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc4\u4f30\u673a\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u8bbe\u5907\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u6863\u6b21\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u5f88\u5feb\u4f1a\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u52a9\u65b9\u9762\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u8bb8\u591a\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u6d41\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u6307\u6807\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u5462\uff1f\u7b14\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n

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\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n

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\u8d28\u7591\u7684\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u795e\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u7136\u5145\u6ee1\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u638c\u63e1\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u4e13\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d8a\u53d1\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5723\u7ecf\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\u3002\u201d\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u50cf\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u7ecf\u9662\u91cc\u8bad\u7ec3\u6709\u7d20\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u795e\u752b\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u597d\u5947\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u8d70\u51fa\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5149\u73af\u3002\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u65f6\u4ee3(1473-1543)\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u201c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u201d\u7684\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u6e29\u5e0c\u814a\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u57fa\u7763\u8bf4\u6559\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u627e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u65b0\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\u201d\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u4ed6\u5728\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u65e5\u5fc3\u8bf4\u201d\u65f6\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u662f\u8c01\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u6574\u6574\u7b49\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u624d\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6311\u6218\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8d28\u7591\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u65e5\u5fc3\u8bf4\uff0c\u201d\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b9e\u51fa\u53d1\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6297\u62d2\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u7406\u9762\u524d\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u548c\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u771f\u6b63\u4ece\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u6311\u6218\u5723\u7ecf\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14[5]\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e0d\u592a\u5b89\u5206\u5b88\u5df1\uff0c\u559c\u597d\u5468\u6e38\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u5230\u8377\u5170\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u76ae\u514b\u66fc\u542f\u8499\u6027\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u800c\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u751f\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6(\u771f\u7406)\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5168\u90e8\u6765\u81ea\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5723\u7ecf\u771f\u7406\u201d(Biblical Truth)\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u957f\u8fbe\u4e0a\u5343\u5e74\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e66\u7a3f\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5e26\u6709\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u5404\u4eba\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u800c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u6210\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a17\u4e16\u7eaa\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u800c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u523b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8d28\u7591\u8bf4\u201d(Skepticism)\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\u662f\u4e0e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e4b\u540e(\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837)\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u73b0\u8c61\u5206\u6790\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u63a8\u8bba\u548c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a8\u8bba\u53c8\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u8d28\u7591\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4fbf\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bc1\u706d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u771f\u7406\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u771f\u7406\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u56fd,\u6ca1\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u89e3\u8bd1\uff0c\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u6c47\u7f16\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5267\u70c8\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u8003\u8bc1\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u89e3\u8bd1\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5341\u5206\u7c7b\u4f3c\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5723\u7ecf\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u624d\u6c47\u7f16\u6210\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d28\u7591\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u8457\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65f6\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u53cd\u5b54\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u5ff5\u800c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4ece\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0a\uff0c\u60c5\u7eea\u5316\u7684\u53cd\u5b54\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u6807\u65b0\u7acb\u5f02\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u5b54\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba5\u8bbd\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u76cf\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u660e\u706f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6e05\u4e00\u8272\u6587\u4eba\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u521b\u529e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5341\u5206\u63a8\u5d07\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u8fd9\u53e5\u57f9\u6839\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u9f13\u52b1\uff0c\u63a8\u5d07\u5355\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6c42\u77e5\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u548c\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u73b0\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u89c6\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u548c\u521b\u9020\u3002\u800c\u521b\u9020\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u201c\u63d0\u95ee\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u542f\u53d1\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u201c\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u57f9\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u201c\u63d0\u51fa\u6700\u96be\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8001\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5c06\u4e00\u8d77\u5bfb\u627e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f88\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u5df2\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u521b\u9020\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u91cc\u5fc5\u987b\u542b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u521b\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5224\u636e\u3002\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u201cSignificant contribution to knowledge.\u201d\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u6587\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5f52\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u7684\u9f3b\u7956\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u3002\u5728\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u548c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u53d1\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u30021660\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u6b21\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a(Royal Society of London)\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u79d1\u5b66\u9662(Paris academy of Sciences)\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u63a2\u7d22\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b66\u672f\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u57fa\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9644\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u96be\u5f97\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u7684\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u795e\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u9884\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u7384\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u6613\u7ecf\u7684\uff0c\u611f\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f20\u7edf<\/p>\n

\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u6b27\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4e4b\u540e\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u9769\uff1a\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8[6]\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5730\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u5316\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u6743\u5a01\u5439\u54cd\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u7684\u53f7\u89d2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u4f11\u8c1f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u5c3c\u91c7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u6279\u5224\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u591a\u8c19\u719f\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u61c2\u5f97\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u7b49\u5b66\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3a\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u96c4\u8fa9\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8352\u5510\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u611a\u6627\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5723\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7981\u56fa\u548c\u8150\u8680\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8,\u8ba5\u8bbd\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540d\u8a00\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\uff1a Theological religion is the source of all imaginable follies and disorders; it is the mother of fanaticism and civil discord; it is the enemy of mankind. ( http:\/\/www.tecn.cn ) Christianity is the most ridiculous, the most absurd and bloody religion that has ever infected the world. ( http:\/\/www.tecn.cn ) The truths of religion are never so well understood as by those who have lost the power of reasoning. ( http:\/\/www.tecn.cn ) Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is a ridiculous one. \u4f11\u8c1f: Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then is he important. Is he able, but not willing? Then is he malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Whence then is evil? ( http:\/\/www.tecn.cn ) Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous. \u5c3c\u91c7: Do not let yourself be deceived: great intellects are skeptical. God is a thought – it makes all the straight crooked, and all that stand reel. \u201cFaith\u201dmeans the will to avoid knowing what is true. <\/p>\n

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\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u57f9\u517b\u4f18\u79c0\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u6c11\u4f17\u7a0e\u6536\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6559\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u653f\u6559\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u7981\u56fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u65b0\u5f0f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5927\u5b66\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u96c6\u56e2\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f20\u6388\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7b49\u7ea7\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5927\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\u6070\u6070\u6ca1\u6709\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u5e08\u5f92\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6c5f\u6e56\u5e2e\u6d3e\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u79c1\u587e\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u79d1\u76ee\u5341\u5206\u5355\u4e00\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u5e08\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u4e13\u4e1a\u79d1\u76ee\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u5f0f\u7684\u827a\u672f\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4eac\u5267\uff0c\u7ed8\u753b\uff0c\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5e08\u5085\u5e26\u5f92\u5f1f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u6cdb\u666e\u7684\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u804c\u4e1a\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499(Liberal Education)\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\uff1a\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u60f3\u7981\u56fa\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d(An individual)\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f20\u6388\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u804c\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4f7f\u5f97\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5176\u5b83\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u8003\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u95f4\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u8bba\u70b9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e2a\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\uff0c\u5e08\u751f\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u5341\u5206\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f8\u5f02\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u5341\u5206\u51b7\u9759\u7684\u9762\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u72c2\u70ed\u548c\u6781\u7aef\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u51b7\u9759\u601d\u8003\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ebd\u66fc\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201cThe Idea of a University\u201d\u91cc\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u201d\u82f1\u56fd\u7ec5\u58eb\u201c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e00\u8bed\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff1a\u4eba\u6587\u4fee\u517b\u548c\u77e5\u6027\u57f9\u80b2\u3002\u7ebd\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u662f\u6742\u4e71\u65e0\u7ae0\u7684\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5373\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u6307\u8c08\u5410\u4e0e\u4e3e\u6b62\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6e29\u6587\u5c14\u96c5\uff0c\u77e5\u4e66\u8fbe\u7406\uff0c\u8c08\u5410\u6f47\u6d12\uff0c\u505a\u6d3e\u5112\u96c5\uff0c\u60c5\u8da3\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u98ce\u8da3\u5e7d\u9ed8\uff0c\u4e2a\u6027\u9c9c\u660e\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5e0c\u671b\u57f9\u517b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201cRenaissance Man\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u804c\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e5f\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6df1\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u4e60\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u804c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u8fc7\u4e8e\u504f\u91cd\u4e13\u4e1a\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8c03\u6574\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u4ece\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53cd\u5e94\u5728\u6210\u7ee9\u4e0a\u548c\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u8bb8\u8bb8\u591a\u591a\u7684\u9ad8\u6df1\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u95e8\u95e8\u90fd\u662f100\u5206\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u58eb\uff0c\u7855\u58eb\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u53d7\u8fc7\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5dee\u522b\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u601d\u7ef4\u6807\u8bb0<\/p>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n

1\uff0e\u65f6\u4e1c\u9646\uff0c\u201d\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u201d> 2006\uff0c58\uff083\uff09\uff1a29\uff0c> 2006\uff0c58\uff084\uff09\uff1a33\u3002 2\uff0e\u65f6\u4e1c\u9646\uff0c\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u201d 2007\uff0c59\uff084\uff09\uff1a8 3Newman, John Henry Cardinal. The Idea of a University. Garden City, NY: Image Books. [1852] 1959. 4Elsina Stubb, Wilhelm Von Humboldt’s Philosophy of Language, Its Sources and Influence, Edwin Mellen Press, 2002 5\u3002Sorrell, Tom (1987). Descartes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. INON 0-19-287636-8. 6. Bronner, Stephen Eric. Interpreting the Enlightenment: Metaphysics, Critique, and Politics, 2004 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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