![\"\"](\"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/cd_howe.jpg\")
<\/a>\ncd_howe<\/p>\n
\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u5854\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u77f3\u6cb9\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u77f3\u6cb9\u627e\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6700\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u51fa\u53e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u3002\u90a3\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e1c\u90e8\u9700\u8981\u77f3\u6cb9\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u4e1c\u90e8\u4e70\u4e34\u8fd1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u603b\u957f\u201d\u8c6a\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8c6a\u5728\u5723\u6d1b\u6717\u5185\u9601\u4e2d\u6743\u529b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u843d\u4e0b\u4e2a\u201c\u603b\u957f\u201d(minister of everything)\u7684\u540d\u53f7\u3002\u8c6a\u603b\u957f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u4fee\u4e00\u6761\u77f3\u6cb9\u7ba1\u7ebf\uff0c\u628a\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f93\u5f80\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002<\/p>\n
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1957\u5e74\u5927\u9009\u6765\u4e34\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u5229\u7528\u6b64\u4e8b\u5927\u505a\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8bf4\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u7c97\u66b4\u8df5\u8e0f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u8c6a\u662f\u7f8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d70\u72d7\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8c6a\u7684\u786e\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u505a\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u4e1a\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u56fd\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u7ba1\u7ebf\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d44\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u7684\u5374\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u5f3a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u5ba2\u4e0d\u7ba1\u90a3\u5957\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5c31\u8981\u6311\u523a\uff0c1957\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\u6765\u4e34\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5723\u6d1b\u6717\u8fd8\u5634\u786c\u8bf4\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u70e6\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u8f93\u5f97\u5f88\u4e0d\u670d\u6c14\u3002\u968f\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u5723\u6d1b\u6717\u5ba3\u5e03\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u7684\u5927\u65d7\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u83b1\u65af\u7279\u2022\u76ae\u5c14\u900a\u3002\u4e5f\u4e0d\u602a\u5723\u6d1b\u6717\u4e0d\u670d\u6c14\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5105\u5e2d\u5bf9\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u7684112\u5e2d\u4f4d\u60dc\u8d25\uff0c\u4e24\u5bb6\u90fd\u6ca1\u80fd\u8fc7\u534a\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u4e5f\u662f\u62c9\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u515a\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ec4\u6210\u5c11\u6570\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u4e0b\u53f0\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u9886\u8896\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b(John Diefenbaker)\u51fa\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u8349\u6839\u770b\u7684\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u8912\u5956\u8005\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u603b\u7406\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8d2c\u65a5\u8005\u79f0\u4e4b\u5fd7\u5927\u624d\u758f\u3001\u5927\u5ffd\u60a0\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5012\u662f\u9053\u51fa\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u53e3\u624d\u597d\u5584\u4e8e\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5e26\u6765\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u6c14\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ea\u6709\u73b0\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u5c0f\u571f\u8c46\u7684\u7239\u5730\u8001\u571f\u8c46\u80fd\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u4e0a\u53f0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6218\u540e\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u5f00\u59cb\u964d\u6e29\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u6709\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u89c1\u6b64\u60c5\u5f62\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u9886\u8896\u76ae\u5c14\u900a\u4ee5\u4e3a\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u8bf4\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u5e72\u8106\u4e0b\u53f0\u7b97\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u56de\u7ed9\u201c\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u515a\uff0c\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5ba3\u5e03\u89e3\u6563\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u524d\u9762\u8bf4\u4e86\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u8bf4\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u505a\u3002\u5f8b\u5e08\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u4e0a\u4efb\u540e\u9996\u5148\u505a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u51e0\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u8001\u5e74\u91d1\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7ed9\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u5c0f\u9ea6\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u8fd8\u8ddf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u9632\u7a7a\u534f\u8bae(North American Air Defense)\uff0c\u5c06\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u540c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9632\u7a7a\u4f53\u7cfb\u6574\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u201c\u6574\u5408\u201d\u80af\u5b9a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u7acb\u9a6c\u8df3\u51fa\u6765\u6307\u8d23\u8bf4\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u8c01\u5356\u56fd\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u8d76\u5b50\u53bb\u5356\u56fd\u5356\u7ed9\u7f8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4e92\u76f8\u6311\u523a\uff0c\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u809d\u80c6\u76f8\u7167\u3001\u8363\u8fb1\u4e0e\u5171\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5176\u5b9e\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u54ea\u91cc\u662f\u7231\u7f8e\u56fd\uff1f\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u6bcd\u56fd\u82f1\u56fd\u597d\u4e0d\u597d\uff1f\u5f53\u4e0a\u603b\u7406\u540e\u76841957\u5e74\uff0c\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u51fa\u5e2d\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u9996\u8111\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u63d0\u8bae\u628a\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u768415%\u8f6c\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\u8ba9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u76ee\u77aa\u53e3\u5446\uff0c\u8bf4\u4f60\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e861947\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5173\u7a0e\u53ca\u8d38\u6613\u603b\u534f\u5b9a\u300b(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u53ef\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u5173\u8d38\u603b\u534f\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u8d38\u603b\u534f\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u56fd\u9645\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u907f\u514d1930\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u8427\u6761\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5173\u8d38\u603b\u534f\u5b9a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u610f\u7ed9\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f18\u60e0\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u80fd\u8ddf\u82f1\u56fd\u641e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\u6050\u6015\u5c31\u8981\u6539\u5199\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u89c4\u5219\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u2022\u9ea6\u514b\u7c73\u4f26(Harold Macmillan)\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5728\u8c0b\u6c42\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u5bf9\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u5e76\u4e0d\u611f\u5192\uff0c\u5012\u4e5f\u63d0\u4e86\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u62c5\u5fc3\u82f1\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6bcd\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u653e\u5728\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u3002\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u5171\u4f53\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50(Charles de Gaulle)\u4e00\u7968\u5426\u51b3\u6389\u4e86\u3002\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u8fd9\u4e00\u901a\u6298\u817e\u4e0b\u6765\u5565\u4e8b\u513f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u529e\u6210\uff0c\u5012\u628a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7ed9\u7ed3\u7ed3\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5f97\u7f6a\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\uff0c\u4eba\u8bf4\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u60f3\u4e00\u51fa\u662f\u4e00\u51fa\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65e0\u9053\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u5012\u662f\u5e72\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u5e72\u6210\u7684\u662f\u4ef6\u6328\u9a82\u7684\u4e8b\u513f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u201c\u7bad\u201d\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8bdd\u8bf4\u8fd8\u5728\u5723\u6d1b\u6717\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed9\u4e88\u963f\u5f17\u6d1b\u516c\u53f8(Avro)\u4e00\u9879\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u8bf7\u963f\u5f17\u6d1b\u4e3a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6218\u6597\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662fCF-105\u201c\u7bad\u201d\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u7bad\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7528\u6765\u62e6\u622a\u98de\u8fc7\u5317\u6781\u4e0a\u7a7a\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u8f70\u70b8\u673a\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6307\u6807\u582a\u79f0\u5f53\u5e74\u6700\u4e3a\u5148\u8fdb\u3002\u963f\u5f17\u6d1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d1f\u539a\u671b\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u6597\u673a\u7ed9\u7814\u5236\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u8d85\u7ea7\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u50cf\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f3a\u56fd\u5c31\u627f\u53d7\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u6d4e\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u96c6\u4e2d\u529b\u91cf\u529e\u5927\u4e8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4f53\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u627f\u62c5\u4e0b\u6765\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4e8b\u513f\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u81ea\u5df1\u88c5\u5907\u4e0d\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u60f3\u5356\u7ed9\u5916\u56fd\u6bd4\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u591a\u72e1\u733e\u5440\uff0c\u8bf4\u4f60\u4eec\u522b\u81ea\u5df1\u641e\u4e86\u4e70\u6211\u7684\u5427\uff0c\u8981\u98de\u673a\u6709\u98de\u673a\u8981\u5bfc\u5f39\u6709\u5bfc\u5f39\u968f\u4fbf\u4f60\u6311\uff0c\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u60f3\u5c31\u8ba9\u7bad\u5f0f\u98de\u673a\u4e0b\u9a6c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n 1959\u5e742\u670820\u65e5\u7bad\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a\u9879\u76ee\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u65e5\u5b50\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7231\u56fd\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6700\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u6c89\u91cd\u6253\u51fb\u7684\u963f\u5f17\u6d1b\u516c\u53f8\u89e3\u96c7\u4e8614,000\u540d\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u826f\u597d\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u9505\u7aef\u8d70\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u624d\u5927\u91cf\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u80fd\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5236\u9020\u6218\u6597\u673a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u8bd5\u98de\u4e2d\u7684\u7bad\u5f0f\u539f\u578b\u673a\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\uff0c\u9884\u751f\u4ea7\u578b\u4e5f\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\uff0c\u4e3a\u5565\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u5feb\u5730\u6bc1\u6389\u5236\u6210\u7684\u98de\u673a\uff0c\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u8c1c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u5176\u5b9e\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u4e5f\u51c6\u5907\u53d6\u6d88\u7bad\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d62\u5f97\u5927\u9009\u8fde\u4efb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b\u5728\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c4e\u76c6\u5b50\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6263\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5934\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ba1\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u505a\u5f97\u5bf9\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n 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