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<\/p>\n\u6377\u514b\u4f73\/\u6536\u5230\u4e00\u5219\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u7b80\u8baf\uff0c\u5728\u9ed1\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6708\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7701\u5e9c\u8981\u5458\u4e13\u7a0b\u53bb\u54c8\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u533e\u989d\u7684\u63ed\u5e55\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53ca\u54c8\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u54c8\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u67e5\u9605\u53f2\u6599\u65b9\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u501f\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u9ed1\u5974\u7ecf\u7531\u79d8\u5bc6\u901a\u9053\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c113\u4e07\u9ed1\u4eba\u9003\u81f3\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u591a\u4f26\u591a-\u6e29\u838e-\u5c3c\u4e9a\u52a0\u62c9\u7011\u5e03\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u533a\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u7f8e\u6d32\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u53f2\u3002\u4e00\u5219\u7b80\u8baf\u7b97\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8865\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b89\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u65b0\u95fb\u7a3f\/\uff08\u5b89\u7701\u54b8\u7f8e\u987f\u5e022\u670815\u65e5\u8baf\uff09\u4e3a\u5e86\u795d2008\u5e74\u9ed1\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u6708\uff0c\u6628\u5929\u4e0a\u5348(2\u670815\u65e5)\uff0c\u5b89\u7701\u516c\u6c11\u53ca\u79fb\u6c11\u5385\u5385\u957f\u9648\u56fd\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u5385\u957f\u5361\u841dAileen Carroll\u4e13\u7a0b\u5230\u54b8\u7f8e\u987f\u5e02\u51fa\u5e2d\u7eaa\u5ff5\u533e\u989d\u63ed\u5e55\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u9648\u56fd\u6cbb\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u54b8\u7f8e\u987f\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5b83\u5e2e\u52a9\u9ed1\u4eba\u9003\u8131\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u81ea\u7531\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u540d\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u4f1a\u8981\u73cd\u60dc\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53ef\u8d35\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4e00\u8d77\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5171\u521b\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u5b89\u7701\uff0c\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5728\u6b64\u53d1\u6325\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u4ee5\u5728\u573a\u7684\u524d\u5b89\u7701\u7701\u7763\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u5b89\u7701\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u4fe1\u6258\u57fa\u91d1(Ontario Heritage Trust)\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927Lincoln Alexander\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8d5e\u626c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b89\u7701\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56fe\u5b89\u7701\u516c\u6c11\u53ca\u79fb\u6c11\u5385\u5385\u957f\u9648\u56fd\u6cbb\u4e3a\u533e\u989d\u63ed\u5e55\u4eea\u5f0f\u81f4\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c(\u5de6\u8d77)\u6587\u5316\u5385\u957f\u5361\u841dAileen Carroll\u3001\u524d\u5b89\u7701\u7701\u7763\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927Lincoln Alexander\u4e0e\u53f8\u4eeaAnnette Mann\u4e13\u5fc3\u8046\u542c\u3002<\/p>\n
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Underground Railroad<\/strong><\/p>\n From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<\/p>\n The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States to escape to free states (or as far north as Canada) with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause.[1] The term is also applied to the abolitionists who aided the fugitives.[2] Other routes led to Mexico or overseas.[3] The Underground Railroad was at its height between 1810 and 1850.[4] One report estimates that up to 100,000 people escaped enslavement via the Underground Railroad.[2], but census figures only account for 6,000.[5]<\/p>\n Contents<\/strong> <\/p>\n 1 Structure Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n The escape network of The Underground Railroad was not literally subterranean, but rather “underground” in the sense of underground resistance. The network was known as a “railroad” by way of the use of rail terminology in the code. The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses, and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers. Individuals were often organized in small, independent groups, which helped to maintain secrecy since some knew of connecting “stations” along the route but few details of their immediate area. Escaped slaves would move along the route from one way station to the next, steadily making their way north. “Conductors” on the railroad came from various backgrounds and included free-born blacks, white abolitionists, former slaves (either escaped or manumitted), and Native Americans. Churches also often played a role, especially the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Congregationalists, Wesleyans, and Reformed Presbyterians as well as certain sects of mainstream denominations such as branches of the Methodist church and American Baptists.<\/p>\n Route<\/strong><\/p>\n Many people associated with the Underground Railroad only knew their part of the operation and not of the whole scheme. Though this may seem like an unreliable route for slaves to gain their freedom, hundreds of slaves obtained freedom to the North every year.<\/p>\n The resting spots where the runaways could sleep and eat were given the code names \u201cstations\u201d and \u201cdepots\u201d which were held by \u201cstation masters\u201d. There were also those known as \u201cstockholders\u201d who gave money or supplies for assistance. There were the \u201cconductors\u201d who ultimately moved the runaways from station to station. The \u201cconductor\u201d would sometimes act as if he or she were a slave and enter a plantation. Once a part of a plantation the “conductor” would direct the fugitives to the North. During the night the slaves would move, traveling on about 10\u201320 miles (15\u201330 km) per night. They would stop at the so-called \u201cstations\u201d or “depots” during the day and rest. While resting at one station, a message was sent to the next station to let the station master know the runaways were on their way. Sometimes boats or trains would be used for transportation. Money was donated by many people to help buy tickets and even clothing for the fugitives so they would remain unnoticeable. Soon after the railroad had freed 300 slaves, some of the freed slaves made a store for the railroad.<\/p>\n Some people \u2014 most of them, naturally, pro-slavery Southerners \u2014 were upset by this whole process. Resulting from many efforts to fix this ostensible problem, a law was passed that allowed slave owners to hire people to catch their runaways and arrest them. The fugitive slave laws became a problem because many legally freed slaves were being arrested as well as the fugitives. This then encouraged more people of the North to become a part of the Underground Railroad. Often, “bounty hunters” would abduct free blacks, and sell them into slavery.<\/p>\n Traveling conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on real railways, the primary means of transportation were on foot or by wagon.<\/p>\n In addition, routes were often purposely indirect in order to throw off pursuers. Most escapes were by individuals or small groups; occasionally, such as with the Pearl Rescue, there were mass escapes. The majority of the escapees are believed to have been male field workers younger than 40 years old. The journey was often too arduous and treacherous for women or children to complete. Many fugitive bondsmen, however, who escaped via the Railroad and established livelihoods as free men, later purchased their wives, children, and other family members out of slavery. Because of this, the number of former slaves who owed their freedom at least in part to the courage and determination of those who operated the Underground Railroad was greater than the many thousands who actually traveled its secret routes.<\/p>\n Due to the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens was passed along by word of mouth. Southern newspapers of the day were often filled with pages of notices soliciting information about escaped slaves and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return. Federal marshals and professional bounty hunters known as slave catchers pursued fugitives as far as the Canadian border.<\/p>\n The risk of capture was not limited solely to actual fugitives. Because strong, healthy blacks in their prime working and reproductive years were highly valuable commodities, it was not unusual for free blacks \u2014 both freedmen (former slaves) and those who had lived their entire lives in freedom \u2014 to be kidnapped and sold into slavery. “Certificates of freedom” \u2014 signed, notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual blacks \u2014 could easily be destroyed and thus afforded their owners little protection. Moreover, under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, when suspected fugitives were seized and brought to a special magistrate known as a commissioner, they had no right to a jury trial and could not testify in their own behalf; the marshal or private slave-catcher only needed to swear an oath to acquire a writ of replevin, for the return of property.<\/p>\n Nevertheless, Congress believed the fugitive slave laws were necessary because of the lack of cooperation by the police, courts, and public outside of the Deep South. States such as Michigan passed laws interfering with the federal bounty system, which politicians from the South felt was grossly inadequate, and this became a key motivation for secession. In some parts of the North slave-catchers needed police protection to carry out their federal authority. Even in states that resisted cooperation with slavery laws, though, blacks were often unwelcome; Indiana passed a constitutional amendment that barred blacks from settling in that state.<\/p>\n Terminology<\/strong><\/p>\n Members of The Underground Railroad often used specific jargon, based on the metaphor of the railway. For example:<\/p>\n -People who helped slaves find the railroad were “agents” (or “shepherds”) As well, the Big Dipper asterism, whose “bowl” points to the north star, was known as the drinkin’ gourd, and immortalized in a contemporary code tune. The Railroad itself was often known as the “freedom train” or “Gospel train”, which headed towards “Heaven” or “the Promised Land”\u2014Canada.<\/p>\n William Still, often called “The Father of the Underground Railroad”, helped hundreds of slaves to escape (as many as 60 a month), sometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home. He kept careful records, including short biographies of the people, that contained frequent railway metaphors. He maintained correspondence with many of them, often acting as a middleman in communications between escaped slaves and those left behind. He then published these accounts in the book The Underground Railroad in 1872.<\/p>\n According to Still, messages were often encoded so that messages could only be understood by those active in the railroad. For example, the following message, “I have sent via at two o’clock four large and two small hams”, indicated that four adults and two children were sent by train from Harrisburg to Philadelphia. However, the additional word via indicated that the “passengers” were not sent on the usual train, but rather via Reading, Pennsylvania. In this case, authorities were tricked into going to the regular train station in an attempt to intercept the runaways, while Still was able to meet them at the correct station and guide them to safety, where they eventually escaped to Canada.<\/p>\n Folklore<\/strong><\/p>\n Main article: Quilts of the Underground Railroad<\/p>\n Since the 1980s, claims have arisen that quilt designs were used to signal and direct slaves to escape routes and assistance. The quilt design theory is disputed. The first published work documenting an oral history source was in 1999 and the first publishing is believed to be a 1980 children’s book[6], so it is difficult to evaluate the veracity of these claims, which are not accepted by quilt historians.[citation needed] There is no contemporary evidence of any sort of quilt code, and quilt historians such as Pat Cummings and Barbara Brackman have raised serious questions about the idea. In addition, Underground Railroad historian Giles Wright has published a pamphlet debunking the quilt code.[citation needed]<\/p>\n Many accounts also mention spirituals and other songs that contained coded information intended to help navigate the railroad.[citation needed] Songs such as “Steal Away” and other field songs were often passed down purely orally, and others, like “Follow the Drinking Gourd,” were published after the days of the Railroad.[6] Tracing their origins and meanings is difficult.[citation needed] In any case, many African-American songs of the period deal with themes of freedom and escape, and distinguishing coded information from expression and sentiment may not be possible.<\/p>\n Legal and political<\/strong><\/p>\n When frictions between North and South culminated in the American Civil War, many blacks, slave and free, fought with the Union Army. Following passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, in some cases the Underground Railroad operated in reverse as fugitives returned to the United States.<\/p>\n Arrival in Canada<\/strong><\/p>\n Estimates vary widely, but at least 30,000 slaves, some saying more than 100,000, escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad.[7] The largest group settled in Upper Canada (called Canada West from 1841, and today southern Ontario), where numerous African Canadian communities developed. These were generally in the triangular region bounded by Toronto, Niagara Falls, and Windsor. Nearly 1,000 refugees settled in Toronto, and several rural villages made up mostly of ex-slaves were established in Chatham-Kent and Essex County.<\/p>\n Important black settlements also developed in more distant British colonies (now parts of Canada). These included Nova Scotia, Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), as well as Vancouver Island, where Governor James Douglas encouraged black immigration because of his opposition to slavery and because he hoped a significant black community would form a bulwark against those who wished to unite the island with the United States.<\/p>\n Upon arriving at their destinations, many fugitives were disappointed. While the British colonies had no slavery, discrimination was still common. Many of the new arrivals had great difficulty finding jobs, in part because of mass European immigration at the time, and overt racism was common.<\/p>\n With the outbreak of the Civil War in the United States, many black refugees enlisted in the Union Army and, while some later returned to Canada, many remained in the United States. Thousands of others returned to the American South after the war ended. The desire to reconnect with friends and family was strong, and most were hopeful about the changes emancipation and Reconstruction would bring.<\/p>\n Notable people<\/strong><\/p>\n Dr. Anderson Ruffin Abbott Notable locations<\/strong><\/p>\n Bialystoker Synagogue Contemporary literature<\/strong><\/p>\n 1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World by David Walker (a call for resistance to slavery in Georgia) Related events<\/strong><\/p>\n 1776 \u2013 Declaration of Independence \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underground_railroad<\/p>\n People & Events The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals — many whites but predominently black — who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year — according to one estimate, the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.<\/p>\n An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. In 1786 George Washington complained about how one of his runaway slaves was helped by a “society of Quakers, formed for such purposes.” The system grew, and around 1831 it was dubbed “The Underground Railroad,” after the then emerging steam railroads. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were called “stations” and “depots” and were run by “stationmasters,” those who contributed money or goods were “stockholders,” and the “conductor” was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next. <\/p>\n For the slave, running away to the North was anything but easy. The first step was to escape from the slaveholder. For many slaves, this meant relying on his or her own resources. Sometimes a “conductor,” posing as a slave, would enter a plantation and then guide the runaways northward. The fugitives would move at night. They would generally travel between 10 and 20 miles to the next station, where they would rest and eat, hiding in barns and other out-of-the-way places. While they waited, a message would be sent to the next station to alert its stationmaster. <\/p>\n The fugitives would also travel by train and boat — conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for. Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways — a black man, woman, or child in tattered clothes would invariably attract suspicious eyes. This money was donated by individuals and also raised by various groups, including vigilance committees.<\/p>\n Vigilance committees sprang up in the larger towns and cities of the North, most prominently in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. In addition to soliciting money, the organizations provided food, lodging and money, and helped the fugitives settle into a community by helping them find jobs and providing letters of recommendation. <\/p>\n The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more than 3,000 slaves, and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.<\/p>\n Related Entries: http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/aia\/part4\/4p2944.html<\/p>\n Underground Railroad<\/strong><\/p>\n The Underground Railroad was the name given to the system by which escaped slaves from the South were helped in their flight to the North. It is believed that the system started in 1787 when Isaac T. Hopper, a Quaker, began to organize a system for hiding and aiding fugitive slaves. Opponents of slavery allowed their homes, called stations, to be used as places where escaped slaves were provided with food, shelter and money. The various routes went through 14 Northern states and Canada. It is estimated that by 1850 around 3,000 people worked on the underground railroad. Some of the most best known of the people who provided help on the route included William Still, Gerrit Smith, Salmon Chase, David Ruggle, Thomas Garrett, William Purvis, Jane Grey Swisshelm, William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass, Henry David Thoreau, Lucretia Mott, Charles Langston, Levi Coffin and Susan B. Anthony. <\/p>\n The underground railroad also had people known as conductors who went to the south and helped guide slaves to safety. One of the most important of these was the former slave, Harriet Tubman. She made 19 secret trips to the South, during which she led more than 300 slaves to freedom. Tubman was considered such a threat to the slave system that plantation owners offered a $40,000 reward for her capture. <\/p>\n Stations were usually about twenty miles apart. Conductors used covered wagons or carts with false bottoms to carry slaves from one station to another. Runaway slaves usually hid during the day and travelled at night. Some of those involved notified runaways of their stations by brightly lit candles in a window or by lanterns positioned in the frontyard. By the middle of the 19th century it was estimated that over 50,000 slaves had escaped from the South using the underground railroad. <\/p>\n Plantation owners became concerned at the large number of slaves escaping to the North and in 1850 managed to persuade Congress to pass the Fugitive Slave Act. In future, any federal marshal who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave could be fined $1,000. Any person aiding a runaway slave by providing shelter, food or any other form of assistance was liable to six months’ imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. <\/p>\n The Fugitive Slave Act failed to stop the underground railroad. Thomas Garrett, the Deleware station-master, paid more than $8,000 in fines and Calvin Fairbank served over seventeen years in prison for his anti-slavery activities. Whereas John Fairfield, one of the best known of the white conductors, was killed working for the underground railroad. <\/p>\n http:\/\/www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk\/USASunderground.htm<\/p>\n Underground Railroad–The Journey<\/strong><\/p>\n You are a slave.<\/p>\n Your body, your time, your very breath belong to a farmer in 1850s Maryland. Six long days a week you tend his fields and make him rich. You have never tasted freedom. You never expect to. <\/p>\n And yet . . . your soul lights up when you hear whispers of attempted escape. Freedom means a hard, dangerous trek. Do you try it? <\/p>\n \u201cMoses\u201d is coming! You\u2019ve heard the stories about her. She is Harriet Tubman, a former slave who ran away from a nearby plantation in 1849 but returns to rescue others. Guided by her \u201cvisions,\u201d she has never lost a passenger. Even if Moses can\u2019t fit you into her next group, she\u2019ll tell you how to follow the North Star to freedom in Canada.<\/p>\n Every step seems louder. Twigs snap, leaves crackle. But you walk on, till you see a group of friendly faces. You join them shyly and meet \u201cGeneral Tubman\u201d herself. She tells you how to sneak across the bridge over the Choptank River and where to find friends in a place called Delaware. <\/p>\n Your head says go, your feet say no. Harriet Tubman told you that a lantern on a hitching post means a safe house. But can you really knock on a white family\u2019s door and trust them to help you?<\/p>\n A warm welcome and hot food\u2014that\u2019s what you find inside the house. Guided by their conscience, the owners break the law by helping runaways. Yet terror still haunts you. As you fall asleep you hear bloodhounds not far away. They are looking for fugitives, looking for you. Freedom is still a long way off. <\/p>\n You\u2019ve never seen a city like Wilmington\u2014the people, the streets, the houses, the noise! Now you know the plantation really is hundreds of miles away. Your host, a Quaker businessman named Thomas Garrett, smiles gently and promises you\u2019ll see much bigger cities before you reach Canada.<\/p>\n A good friend of Tubman\u2019s, Garrett has worked on The Underground Railroad for almost 40 years. A few years ago he was arrested and fined $5,400. It didn\u2019t stop him for a minute.<\/p>\n You\u2019ve never met a man like this\u2014not a black man, anyway. Born free, William Still is a successful, confident merchant and a leader in the fight against slavery. He can read and write\u2014skills denied you\u2014and takes careful notes about your journey. Watching your deep, joyous breaths of the free air of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he cautions you not to get giddy. You\u2019ve reached a free state, it\u2019s true, but United States law still sees you as your master\u2019s property, and bounty hunters are everywhere. He helps you get ready for another long stretch of travel.<\/p>\n Weeks of trudging, including a grueling passage of almost 250 miles (402 kilometers) through the Appalachian Mountains, have brought you to Rochester. Perhaps you\u2019ll catch a glimpse of fugitive Frederick Douglass, the fiery orator who publishes the North Star, an abolitionist paper. You meet with another noted citizen, activist Susan B. Anthony. She and her antislavery friends give you warm clothing for the hard Canadian climate and make sure you\u2019re taken safely to Lake Erie. <\/p>\n Across Lake Erie lies Canada\u2014and freedom. A few weeks earlier you might have coaxed an easy ride from a sympathetic ferry captain. But as winter takes hold, chunks of ice have begun to form. You might find someone to row you across, or you could try leaping from one ice floe to another. Either way, you\u2019ll be freezing cold. Yet staying exposes you\u2014and your helpers\u2014to slave hunters. Do you try going across?<\/p>\n You made it! It took courage, luck, help, and incredible stamina. Here in Canada, you can finally breathe free. Not only won\u2019t the government return you to slavery in the United States, but you can vote and even own land. No wonder thousands have already run away to settle here. You still face challenges: finding a home, making a living, adjusting to a new place. But you face them in freedom. <\/p>\n http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/railroad\/j1.html<\/p>\n Time Line<\/strong><\/p>\n 1501\u2014African Slaves in the New World 1522\u2014Slave Revolt: the Caribbean 1562\u2014Britain Joins Slave Trade 1581\u2014Slaves in Florida 1619\u2014Slaves in Virginia 1662\u2014Hereditary Slavery 1705\u2014Slaves as Property 1712\u2014Slave Revolt: New York 1739\u2014Slave Revolt: South Carolina 1775\u2014American Revolution Begins 1775\u2014Abolitionist Society 1776\u2014Declaration of Independence 1783\u2014American Revolution Ends 1784\u2014Abolition Effort 1790\u2014First United States Census 1793\u2014Fugitive Slave Act 1794\u2014Cotton Gin 1808\u2014United States Bans Slave Trade 1820\u2014Missouri Compromise 1822\u2014Slave Revolt: South Carolina 1831\u2014Slave Revolt: Virginia 1835\u2014Censorship 1846-48\u2014Mexican-American War 1847\u2014Frederick Douglass\u2019s Newspaper 1849\u2014Harriet Tubman Escapes 1850\u2014Compromise of 1850 1852\u2014Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin Published 1854\u2014Kansas-Nebraska Act 1857\u2014Dred Scott Decision 1860\u2014Abraham Lincoln Elected 1860\u2014Southern Secession 1861-65\u2014United States Civil War 1863\u2014Emancipation Proclamation 1865\u2014Slavery Abolished http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/railroad\/tl.html<\/p>\n William Still<\/strong><\/p>\n William Still, one of seventeen children, was born in Burlington County in 1821. His father escaped to New Jersey and was later followed by his wife and children. <\/p>\n Still left New Jersey for Philadelphia in 1844. Three years later he was appointed secretary of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Still was the first black man to join the society and was able to provide first-hand experience of what it was like to be a slave. <\/p>\n Still, who established a profitable coal business in Philadelphia, used his house as one of the stations on the Underground Railroad. Still interviewed the fugitives and kept careful records of each so that family and friends might locate them. According to his records, Still helped 649 slaves receive their freedom. <\/p>\n After John Brown and his insurrection at Harper’s Ferry failed in 1859 Still sheltered some of his men and helped them escape capture. <\/p>\n At this time Still began his campaign to end racial discrimination on Philadelphia streetcars. He wrote an account of this campaign in Struggle for the Civil Rights of the Coloured People of Philadelphia in the City Railway Cars (1867). He followed this with The Underground Railroad (1872) and Voting and Laboring (1874). <\/p>\n Still established an orphanage for the children of African-American soldiers and sailors. Other charitable work included the founding of a Mission Sabbath School and working with the Young Men’s Christian Association. William Still died in Philadelphia on 14th July, 1902. <\/p>\n http:\/\/www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk\/USASstill.htm<\/p>\n \u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u00b7\u5854\u5e03\u66fc (Harriet Tubman) (\u751f\u4e8e1820\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff1b\u5352\u4e8e1913\u5e743\u670810\u65e5) <\/p>\n \u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u00b7\u5854\u5e03\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5dde\u591a\u5207\u65af\u7279\u90e1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5974\u96b6\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u5973\u6027\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u9003\u5f80\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u8d39\u57ce\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u5974\u5f79\u30021850\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u9003\u4ea1\u5974\u96b6\u6cd5\u300b(Fugitive Slave Act)\u5c06\u5e2e\u52a9\u9003\u4ea1\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5854\u5e03\u66fc\u51b3\u5b9a\u53c2\u52a0\u7531\u5e2e\u52a9\u5974\u96b6\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”(Underground Railroad)\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/p>\n \u6240\u8c13\u7684”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u94c1\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u5730\u9053\u548c\u9053\u8def\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b51\u6210\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5974\u96b6\u9003\u79bb\u4ed6\u4eec\u5907\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u3002\u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u901a\u9053\u4e86\u5982\u6307\u638c\uff0c\u5979\u4ece\u672a\u88ab\u6293\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e76\u603b\u662f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u628a\u5979\u7684”\u4e58\u5ba2”\u9001\u5f80\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u5979\u6210\u529f\u5730\u62a4\u9001300\u540d\u5974\u96b6\u901a\u8fc7”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u8d70\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5854\u5e03\u66fc\u66fe\u5148\u540e19\u6b21\u5192\u9669\u524d\u5f80\u5b9e\u65bd\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5979\u6551\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df170\u5c81\u7684\u5e74\u8fc8\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u9001\u5f80\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u7684\u5965\u672c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5965\u672c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u5bb6\u30021860\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u5f00\u59cb\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u524d\u5f80\u5404\u5730\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u547c\u5401\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u6c42\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u5b9a\u5987\u5973\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n 1861\u5e74\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5f53\u8fc7\u62a4\u58eb\u3001\u5bc6\u63a2\u548c\u4fa6\u5bdf\u5458\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5979\u5728”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u62c5\u4efb”\u5217\u8f66\u5458”\u7684\u591a\u5e74\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5979\u5bf9\u4e61\u6751\u5730\u533a\u7279\u522b\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u540d\u5177\u6709\u975e\u51e1\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4fa6\u5bdf\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n \u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u529e\u4e8b\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6b8b\u7559\uff0c\u5854\u5e03\u66fc\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u62ee\u636e\u3002\u5979\u52aa\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u5987\u5973\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e3a\u5b64\u513f\u548c\u7a77\u56f0\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6816\u8eab\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u5979\u6700\u7ec8\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u7b14\u6570\u989d\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\uff0c1908\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u7528\u4e8e\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u6728\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6536\u5bb9\u5965\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u548c\u7a77\u4eba\u3002\u5979\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u91cc\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5979\u672c\u4eba\u4e8e1913\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\u91cc\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u7167\u987e\u3002<\/p>\n http:\/\/usinfo.state.gov\/mgck\/home\/products\/publications\/womeninfln\/tubman.htm<\/p>\n AMERICAN MOSAIC – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center<\/strong> Broadcast: August 20, 2004 Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC, in VOA Special English.<\/p>\n (MUSIC)<\/p>\n National Underground Railroad Freedom Center<\/p>\n HOST:<\/p>\n The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. ANNCR:<\/p>\n The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is a special museum. The Freedom Center is on the north side of the Ohio River. That is part of an area that meant hope for slaves trying to escape. It was called the \u201cfreedom corridor.\u201d People fleeing their owners could stand on the other side of the river and dream of freedom across the water.<\/p>\n The Freedom Center cost one hundred ten million dollars to build. Its collection shows two hundred objects. These include a copy of a wagon with a false bottom that was used to hide fleeing slaves. There are also photographs of Americans who were activists against slavery.<\/p>\n Visitors can also see objects from the Civil War. The southern states fought the northern states from eighteen sixty-one to eighteen sixty-five. In eighteen sixty-three, President Abraham Lincoln announced an order to free the slaves.<\/p>\n Perhaps the center\u2019s most interesting object is a small building where slaves were kept. This wooden \u201cpen\u201d stands two levels high. A slave trader built it in the eighteen thirties. People captured in Africa were temporarily forced to stay inside the pen. Then they were sold for service in places further south. The slave pen was found on a farm in the state of Kentucky. The owner of the farm gave it to the Freedom Center. Experts spent six years researching the history of the building. <\/p>\n Television star Oprah Winfrey introduces one of the films shown at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. Actors tell about a young woman who escapes slavery. She flees to a town called Ripley, Ohio. Her former owners try to recapture her. But a family active in the Underground Railroad helps her remain free.<\/p>\n The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center will offer a number of educational programs. <\/p>\n They include public speakers. Also, the center will provide programs for visiting school groups and information for students through an Internet Web site. It is www.freedomcenter.org.<\/p>\n (MUSIC)<\/p>\n HOST:<\/p>\n This is Doug Johnson. <\/p>\n I hope you enjoyed AMERICAN MOSAIC. Join us again next week for VOA\u2019s radio magazine in Special English.<\/p>\n This program was written by Nancy Steinbach, Jerilyn Watson and Caty Weaver. Paul Thompson was the producer.<\/p>\n Underground Railroad\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/strong><\/p>\n \u4f5c\u8005: \u8001\u4e03 \u6ce8\u518c | 06\/28\/2006, 16:02:21 | \u4f5c\u8005\u6863\u6848 | \u4fee\u6539 | \u56de\u590d | \u67ab\u534e\u8336\u56ed\u9996\u9875 <\/p>\n \u5357\u5b89\u7701\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u751a\u4e48\u94c1\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u7406\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u201cUnderground Railroad\u201d\u4e00\u9875\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e48\u51e0\u884c\u5b57\uff1a<\/p>\n \u201c\u4f60\u662f\u4e2a\u5974\u96b6\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f60\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u547c\u5438\uff0c\u7edf\u7edf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u4f60\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8015\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5bcc\u8db3\u3002\u4f60\u4ece\u6ca1\u5c1d\u5230\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u4f60\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u6ca1\u671f\u5f85\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n \u6b63\u5f53\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u8033\u8fb9\u54cd\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u58f0\u6084\u8bed\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5fc3\u5e95\u95ea\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e1d\u5149\u4eae\uff1a<\/p>\n \uff0d\uff0d\u9003\u51fa\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n \u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8270\u82e6\u800c\u53c8\u51f6\u9669\u7684\u8dcb\u6d89\u3002\u4f60\u8981\u8bd5\u8bd5\u5417\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\uff39\uff25\uff33\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e00\u4e0b\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u201cunderground railroad\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u6761\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u5357\u5b89\u7701\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u9547\uff0c\u53ebChatham\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u9547\u5b50\u7684\u5357\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7247\u4e5d\u5343\u82f1\u4ea9\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u70b9\uff0c\u53ebBuxton\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u7acb\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u91d1\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u4ed6\u521a\u521a\u4ece\u6545\u53bb\u7684\u5cb3\u7236\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5341\u4e94\u540d\u5974\u96b6\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u91d1\u7267\u5e08\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5efa\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8015\u79cd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u6295\u7968\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u518d\u4e0d\u662f\u5974\u96b6\u3002<\/p>\n \u91d1\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u540e\u9003\u5230\u5357\u5b89\u7701\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u975e\u88d4\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5974\u96b6\u9003\u8dd1\u662f\u72af\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u5dde\u5982\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u4eec\u3001\u8fd8\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e13\u95e8\u8ffd\u730e\u9003\u5974\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7167\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u9003\u4ea1\u5974\u96b6\u6293\u56de\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n \u800c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\uff0d\uff0d\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u662f\u4e0d\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5a01\u5ec9\u7267\u5e08\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4f19\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u3002<\/p>\n \u968f\u7740\u9003\u4ea1\u5230Buxton\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u9646\u7eed\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u6124\u6012\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u72b6\u544a\u91d1\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u9650\u5236\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u4e0d\u5355\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5230\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u91d1\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/p>\n \u53ef\u662f\u91d1\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u529f\u81e3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3001\u300a\u73af\u7403\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u8001\u677f\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\uff08George Brown\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n \u88ab\u7ede\u6b7b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ed1\u4eba\u9020\u53cd\u9996\u9886\uff0c\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\uff08\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u767d\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u4e5f\u66fe\u628aChatham\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u672c\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e00\u6761underground railroad\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6545\u4e8b\u591a\u591a\u3002\u8981\u662f\u54ea\u4f4d\u5bf9\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u8bfb\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n \u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u957f\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u6ce2\u6f9c\u58ee\u9614\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n 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11:13:03 | \u4f5c\u8005\u6863\u6848 | \u4fee\u6539 | \u56de\u590d | \u7ebf\u7d22\u7684\u9996\u7bc7 \u67ab\u534e\u8336\u56ed\u9996\u9875 <\/p>\n \u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u8fb9\u5a92\u4f53\u9a82\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c31\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u9ed1\u6697\u3002<\/p>\n \u5176\u5b9e\u6b63\u5982\u697c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\u5974\u96b6\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6240\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u4e16\u4e0a\u4e8b\u7269\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u6240\u8c13\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5f88\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u64ad\u7684<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u4f5c\u8005: \u8001\u4e03 \u6ce8\u518c | 06\/30\/2006, 12:32:52 | \u4f5c\u8005\u6863\u6848 | \u4fee\u6539 | \u56de\u590d | \u7ebf\u7d22\u7684\u9996\u7bc7 \u67ab\u534e\u8336\u56ed\u9996\u9875 <\/p>\n \u53e4\u4ee3\u4e5f\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u5927\u6c49\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u662f\u6781\u5177\u63a0\u593a\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5927\u5175\u6240\u5230\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u79f0\u81e3\u8fdb\u8d21\uff0c\u5c31\u5f53\u65a9\u5c3d\u6740\u7edd\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u8bf4\u8d77\u571f\u8457\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6b67\u89c6\u6587\u5316\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e2a\u5927\u8bdd\u9898\u3002 <\/p>\n \u4fee\u6539\u4eba\uff1a \u8001\u4e03 \u4e8e\u661f\u671f\u4e94, 6\u6708 30, 2006, 12:36:07<\/p>\n \u5e7c\u6cb3\u5144\u597d<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u4f5c\u8005: \u8001\u4e03 \u6ce8\u518c | 06\/28\/2006, 21:40:27 | \u4f5c\u8005\u6863\u6848 | \u4fee\u6539 | \u56de\u590d | \u7ebf\u7d22\u7684\u9996\u7bc7 \u67ab\u534e\u8336\u56ed\u9996\u9875<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u662f\u4f11\u5047\uff0c\u56de\u6765\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u5176\u5b9e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u518d\u5f80\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4e0d\u660e\u4e0d\u767d\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u54b1\u4eec\u633a\u5f53\u56de\u4e8b\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u534e\u5de5\uff0c\u6d0b\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4e4e\u3002\u8fd8\u6709Riel\u9020\u53cd\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u7684\u53c2\u6218\uff0c\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u7684\u5b81\u9759\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u65cf\u88d4\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5357\u8f95\u5317\u8f99\u3002\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u767d\u6c42\u6069\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u58f0\u62ac\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7279\u8272\u5427\uff1f\u501f\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u3001\u52a0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd8\u662f\u90a3\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u522b\u7ba1\u662f\u751a\u4e48\u989c\u8272\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u8fd8\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u987e\u53ca\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5229\u3002\u5957\u54b1\u4eec\u5b54\u5723\u4eba\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u90fd\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u201d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u201c\u5c0f\u4eba\u201d\u8fc7\uff08\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u541b\u5b50\u55bb\u4e8e\u4e49\uff0c\u5c0f\u4eba\u55bb\u4e8e\u5229\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n 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\n2 Route
\n2.1 Traveling conditions
\n2.2 Terminology
\n3 Folklore
\n4 Legal and political
\n5 Arrival in Canada
\n6 Notable people
\n7 Notable locations
\n8 Contemporary literature
\n9 Related events
\n10 See also
\n11 References
\n12 Further reading
\n13 External links <\/p>\n![undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg](\"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/02\/undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\n-Guides were known as “conductors”
\n-Hiding places were “stations”
\n-Abolitionists would fix the “tracks”
\n-“Stationmasters” hid slaves in their homes
\n-Escaped slaves were referred to as “passengers” or “cargo”
\n-Slaves would obtain a “ticket”
\n-Just as in common gospel lore, the “wheels would keep on turning”
\n-Financial benefactors of the Railroad were known as “stockholders”. <\/p>\n
\nJohn Brown
\nLevi Coffin
\nCalvin Fairbank
\nThomas Garrett
\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison
\n Josiah Bushnell Grinnell
\nJosiah Henson
\nJames Butler (“Wild Bill”) Hickok
\nIsaac Hopper
\nJohn Parker
\nJohn Wesley Posey
\n Samuel Seawell
\nWilliam Still
\nHarriet Tubman – made 19 trips back to the South and helped free over 300 people
\nCharles Augustus Wheaton
\nFrederick Douglass
\nSojourner Truth <\/p>\n
\nBoston, Massachusetts
\nBuffalo, New York
\nBurkle Estate, Tennessee
\nBurlington, Wisconsin
\nChatham-Kent, Ontario
\nChicago, Illinois
\nCincinnati, Ohio
\nCyrus Gates Farmstead
\nDetroit, Michigan
\n Dresden, Ontario
\nElmira, NY
\nFarmington, Connecticut
\nJacksonville, Illinois
\nLawnside, New Jersey
\nLewis, Iowa
\nMayhew Cabin
\nMilton, Wisconsin
\nNebraska City, Nebraska
\nOberlin, Ohio
\n Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
\nRipley, Ohio
\nSalem, Ohio
\nSandusky, Ohio
\nSandy Ground – Staten Island, New York
\nSt. Catharines, Onatrio
\nWestfield, Indiana
\nWilmington, Delaware
\nWindsor, Ontario <\/p>\n
\n1832 The Planter’s Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz
\n1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe <\/p>\n
\n1820 \u2013 Missouri Compromise
\n1850 \u2013 Compromise of 1850
\n1850 \u2013 Fugitive Slave Act
\n1854 \u2013 Kansas-Nebraska Act
\n1857 \u2013 Dred Scott Decision
\n1858 \u2013 Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
\n1860 \u2013 Abraham Lincoln of Illinois elected the first Republican U.S. President
\n1861 through 1865 \u2013 American Civil War
\n1863 \u2013 Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln
\n1865 \u2013 Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution <\/p>\n
\n
\nThe Underground Railroad <\/strong>
\nc.1780 – 1862<\/p>\n
\n? Levi Coffin’s Underground Railroad station
\n? Fugitives Arriving at Indiana Farm
\n? Harriet Tubman <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\nSpanish settlers bring slaves from Africa to Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic). <\/p>\n
\nSlaves rebel on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which now comprises Haiti and the Dominican Republic. <\/p>\n
\nJohn Hawkins, the first Briton to take part in the slave trade, makes a huge profit hauling human cargo from Africa to Hispaniola. <\/p>\n
\nSpanish residents in St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement in Florida, import African slaves. <\/p>\n
\nAfricans brought to Jamestown are the first slaves imported into Britain\u2019s North American colonies. Like indentured servants, they were probably freed after a fixed period of service. <\/p>\n
\nVirginia law decrees that children of black mothers \u201cshall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.\u201d <\/p>\n
\nDescribing slaves as real estate, Virginia lawmakers allow owners to bequeath their slaves. The same law allowed masters to \u201ckill and destroy\u201d runaways. <\/p>\n
\nSlaves in New York City kill whites during an uprising, later squelched by the militia. Nineteen rebels are executed. <\/p>\n
\nCrying \u201cLiberty!\u201d some 75 slaves in South Carolina steal weapons and flee toward freedom in Florida (then under Spanish rule). Crushed by the South Carolina militia, the revolt results in the deaths of 40 blacks and 20 whites. <\/p>\n
\nBattles at the Massachusetts towns of Lexington and Concord on April 19 spark the war for American independence from Britain. <\/p>\n
\nAnthony Benezet of Philadelphia founds the world\u2019s first abolitionist society. Benjamin Franklin becomes its president in 1787. <\/p>\n
\nThe Continental Congress asserts \u201cthat these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States\u201d.<\/p>\n
\nBritain and the infant United States sign the Peace of Paris treaty. <\/p>\n
\nCongress narrowly defeats Thomas Jefferson\u2019s proposal to ban slavery in new territories after 1800. <\/p>\n
\nNearly 700,000 slaves live and toil in a nation of 3.9 million people. <\/p>\n
\nThe United States outlaws any efforts to impede the capture of runaway slaves. <\/p>\n
\nEli Whitney patents his device for pulling seeds from cotton. The invention turns cotton into the cash crop of the American South\u2014and creates a huge demand for slave labor. <\/p>\n
\nImporting African slaves is outlawed, but smuggling continues. <\/p>\n
\nMissouri is admitted to the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state. Slavery is forbidden in any subsequent territories north of latitude 36\u00b030?. <\/p>\n
\nFreed slave Denmark Vesey attempts a rebellion in Charleston. Thirty-five participants in the ill-fated uprising are hanged. <\/p>\n
\nSlave preacher Nat Turner leads a two-day uprising against whites, killing about 60. Militiamen crush the revolt then spend two months searching for Turner, who is eventually caught and hanged. Enraged Southerners impose harsher restrictions on their slaves. <\/p>\n
\nSouthern states expel abolitionists and forbid the mailing of antislavery propaganda. <\/p>\n
\nDefeated, Mexico yields an enormous amount of territory to the United States. Americans then wrestle with a controversial topic: Is slavery permitted in the new lands? <\/p>\n
\nEscaped slave Frederick Douglass begins publishing the North Star in Rochester, New York. <\/p>\n
\nAfter fleeing slavery, Tubman returns south at least 15 times to help rescue several hundred others. <\/p>\n
\nIn exchange for California\u2019s entering the Union as a free state, northern congressmen accept a harsher Fugitive Slave Act.<\/p>\n
\nHarriet Beecher Stowe\u2019s novel about the horrors of slavery sells 300,000 copies within a year of publication. <\/p>\n
\nSetting aside the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Congress allows these two new territories to choose whether to allow slavery. Violent clashes erupt. <\/p>\n
\nThe United States Supreme Court decides, seven to two, that blacks can never be citizens and that Congress has no authority to outlaw slavery in any territory. <\/p>\n
\nAbraham Lincoln of Illinois becomes the first Republican to win the United States Presidency. <\/p>\n
\nSouth Carolina secedes in December. More states follow the next year. <\/p>\n
\nFour years of brutal conflict claim 623,000 lives. <\/p>\n
\nPresident Abraham Lincoln decrees that all slaves in Rebel territory are free on January 1, 1863. <\/p>\n
\nThe 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution outlaws slavery. <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n“\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba<\/p>\n![tubman.jpg](\"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/02\/tubman.jpg\")
\n\u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u00b7\u5854\u5e03\u66fc(\u5de6\u4e00)\u5728\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u62c5\u4efb”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u4fa6\u5bdf\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u8d85\u7fa4\u7684\u624d\u667a\u5e2e\u52a9300\u540d\u5974\u96b6\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u3002(Hulton Archive\/Getty Images)<\/p>\n![railroad.jpg](\"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/02\/railroad.jpg\")
\n\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u67ef\u6797\u65af\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u54c8\u4e3d\u96c5\u7279\u00b7\u5854\u5e03\u66fc\u7684”\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053”\u3002(Frederik Meijer\u8d60\u54c1\uff0c\u85cf\u4e8eGrand Rapids\u516c\u5171\u535a\u7269\u9986)<\/p>\n
\n
\nBy Jerilyn Watson, Nancy Steinbach and Caty Weaver<\/p>\n
\n(MUSIC)
\nHOST:<\/p>\n
\n(Picture – Cincyusa.com)
\nThe new National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio officially opens on August twenty-third. The name sounds as if it tells about a real railroad. But the underground railroad was a secret organization. It helped African American slaves escape their owners during the eighteen hundreds. The slaves and the people who helped them flee formed the underground railroad system.Shep O\u2019Neal has more. <\/p>\n
\n
Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[76,65],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5687"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5687"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5687\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}