\u4e16\u754c\u5468\u520a\/\u7ecf\u8425\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u666f\u70b9\u95e8\u7968\u7684\u8881\u9e4f\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\u56de\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u7ed9\u7236\u6bcd\u626b\u5893\uff0c\u521a\u521a\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u9707\u64bc\uff01\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5df2\u7ecf\u201c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5317\u4e86(\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\u6478\u4e0d\u6e05\u4e1c\u897f\u5357\u5317\u7684\u610f\u601d)\uff0c\u5fc3\u91cc\u5f88\u5931\u843d\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u56de\u4e0d\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ae5\u5e74\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u7c4d\u79fb\u6c11\u5415\u7389\u65b0\u535a\u58eb\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u56de\u4e0a\u6d77\u63a2\u4eb2\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u5927\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u4e24\u5934\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u53d8\u5316\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u4e61\u9547\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6\u534e\u7b56\u4f1a\u5c0f\u533a\u62d3\u5c55\u4e13\u5458\u90d1\u6768\u8d85\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u4ece\u798f\u5dde\u9a6c\u5c3e\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u51e0\u6b21\u201d\u3002\u5979\u8bf4\uff0c\u51fa\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e61\u662f\u65e7\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5230\u5904\u5728\u62c6\u8fc1\uff0c\u201c\u90fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u5f97\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u6e29\u5dde\u7c4d\u79fb\u6c11\u65b9\u94f6\u751f\u662f\u6e29\u5dde\u5e02\u4e03\u90fd\u9547\u4eba\uff0c1995\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\u8c0b\u751f\uff0c2010\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u4e03\u90fd\u9547\u63a2\u4eb2\u65f6\u201c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c0f\u8def\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u534e\u4eba\u5931\u843d \u5fc3\u7406\u53d7\u51b2\u51fb <\/p>\n
\u5bb6\u4e61\u5de8\u53d8\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u6709\u5931\u843d\u3002\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u79f0\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u534e\u88d4\u9752\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5e76\u672a\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6839\u201d\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5e26\u7740\u7956\u8f88\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u65c5\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7237\u7237\u59e5\u59e5\u5520\u55d1\u8ff0\u8bf4\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u65e9\u5c31\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0a\u6d88\u901d\u4e86\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8001\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u8001\u5bb6\u7684\u5b85\u5b50\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u6709\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u201c\u90a3\u4e2a\u9b42\u7275\u68a6\u7cfb\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\u4e86\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u6c99\u65af\u66fc(Nan Sussman)\u535a\u58eb\u662f\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u53f2\u6cf0\u767b\u5b66\u9662\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u7814\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u5fc3\u7406\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u51b2\u51fb\u3002\u5979\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u6839\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e00\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u5316\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u4e5f\u592a\u5927\u3002\u5f53\u79fb\u6c11\u56de\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb6\u4e61\u65f6\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e61\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u4eba\u4e5f\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u79fb\u8d70\u4e86\u3002\u4e8c\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u9002\u5e94\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u5df2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a81\u7136\u611f\u5230\u5bf9\u5bb6\u4e61\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u201d\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6\u534e\u88d4\u5fc3\u7406\u533b\u5e08\u91d1\u6653\u6625\u535a\u58eb\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6709\u5931\u6839\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4eba\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u5931\u6839\u4e4b\u611f\u201d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u534e\u4eba\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u5931\u6839\u4e4b\u611f\u201d\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u540c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u5934 \u9002\u5e94\u7f8e\u73af\u5883 <\/p>\n
\u4eca\u5e7448\u5c81\u7684\u6e29\u5dde\u79fb\u6c11\u53f6\u65b0\u4e912001\u5e7412\u6708\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c2008\u5e741\u6708\u56de\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u5e02\u63a2\u4eb2\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u5e02\u53d8\u5316\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u600e\u4e48\u627e\u8def\u201d\u3002\u697c\u9ad8\u4e86\uff0c\u8def\u5bbd\u4e86\uff0c\u4ea4\u901a\u4e5f\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4eba\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u6587\u660e\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u6709\u70b9\u5931\u6839\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u770b\u7236\u6bcd\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4ed6\u201c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u505a\u751f\u610f\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u540e\u6094\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9519\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u4eca\u5e7450\u591a\u5c81\u65b9\u94f6\u751f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u201c\u51fa\u5bb6\u5bb9\u6613\u56de\u5bb6\u96be\uff0c\u8fd9\u8f88\u5b50\u56de\u4e0d\u53bb\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8001\u5bb6\u9547\u91cc\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u201c80%\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u6765\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u534e\u4eba\u8863\u5382\u6253\u6742\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u534e\u4eba\u852c\u679c\u8d85\u5e02\u5356\u8089\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e61\u4eba\u73b0\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8fd8\u8bf7\u4fdd\u59c6\u3002\u6751\u91cc\u4eba\u65e9\u6668\u53bb\u9910\u9986\u5403\u65e9\u70b9\uff0c\u5348\u9910\u4e70\u719f\u83dc\u5403\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\u996d\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540e\u6094\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u5973\u513f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u597d\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u5065\u5eb7\u533b\u7597\u603b\u5c40\u5e02\u573a\u4ee3\u8868\u8521\u97e6\u4eea\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e1c\u60e0\u5dde\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c1998\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u65f6\u611f\u89e6\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u201c\u6211\u501f\u8f86\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\uff0c\u5728\u60e0\u5dde\u57ce\u5230\u5904\u8f6c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8fc7\u53bb\u90a3\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u201d\u3002\u5979\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u518d\u4e5f\u56de\u4e0d\u53bb\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u5979\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u505a\u751f\u610f\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u91d1\u6653\u6625\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5931\u6839\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u5316\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u56de\u4e61\u540e\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u611f\u5230\u964c\u751f\u3002\u53d8\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u8def\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u56db\u5468\u5192\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u9ad8\u697c\u5927\u53a6\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5947\u602a\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u4eb2\u621a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u5403\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u6839\u611f\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd1\u4eb2\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u624e\u6839\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c5e\u6b63\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u201c\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u73af\u5883\u5dee\u5f02 \u65e0\u5171\u540c\u8bed\u8a00 <\/p>\n
\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6cd5\u62c9\u76db\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u526f\u9986\u957f\u90b1\u8f9b\u6654\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5e74\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e24\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f4f\u8fc7\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53c2\u52a0\u540c\u5b66\u4f1a\uff0c\u201c\u53c2\u52a0\u540c\u5b66\u4f1a\u6709\u5bfb\u6839\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u53cc\u65b9\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201c\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5bfb\u6839\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u6380\u8d77\u5bfb\u6839\u70ed\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8001\u5bb6\u5bfb\u4eb2\uff0c\u7f16\u64b0\u5bb6\u8c31\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7a7a\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5bfb\u6839\u590f\u4ee4\u8425\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u57fa\u56e0\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u7eaf\u79cd\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u6742\u679c\u62fc\u76d8\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\u5415\u7389\u65b0\u535a\u58eb\u57281970\u5e74\u5c31\u4ece\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e0b\u653e\u5230\u5317\u5927\u8352\uff0c1978\u5e74\u8003\u5165\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u65e5\u8bed\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fc7\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u540e\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5723\u82e5\u671b\u5927\u5b66(St. John’s University)\u83b7\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u51e0\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u6388\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u5e76\u5230\u5317\u5927\u8352\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u51fa\u56fd\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u540c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u65e2\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u201c\u628a\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6587\u5316\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u53a8\u5e08\u505a\u7684\u83dc\u80b4\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u8c03\u6599\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53a8\u5e08\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u539f\u6599\u914d\u5236\u8c03\u6599\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u8c03\u6599\u4e0a\u3002\u201c\u6211\u5c31\u50cf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u6599\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
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\u751f\u6839\u5bfb\u6839 \u89c2\u5ff5\u5927\u4e0d\u540c <\/p>\n
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\u5b50\u5973\u5a5a\u59fb \u6210\u6587\u5316\u6307\u6807 <\/p>\n
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\u4e2d\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77 \u534e\u4eba\u6e10\u81ea\u4fe1 <\/p>\n
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