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\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u5e7f\u544a\u5f15\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bfd\u8c24\u5b98\u53f8<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u5347\u5b98\u53d1\u8d22\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5219\u662f\u53d1\u8d22\u5f53\u5b98\u30021961\u5e74\uff0c\u798f\u7279\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u88c1\u9ea6\u514b\u7eb3\u9a6c\u62c9\u51fa\u4efb\u5f53\u65f6\u5e74\u85aa\u4e3a2\u4e075\u5343\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u516c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u798f\u7279\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5e74\u6536\u5165\u2014\u2014\u85aa\u6c34\u52a0\u4e0a\u80a1\u7968\u2014\u2014\u5171\u9ad8\u8fbe100\u591a\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u300230\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u7a0b\u516c\u53f8\u54c8\u91cc\u4f2f\u987f\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u88c1\u5207\u5c3c\u4e5f\u653e\u5f03128\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\u548c60\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8865\u8d34\uff08\u5e76\u5356\u6389\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u6301\u6709\u7684\u3001\u4e14\u6b63\u5728\u4e0a\u6da8\u76844550\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u5e74\u6536\u5165\u4ec5\u4e3a18\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5f53\u5b98\u671f\u95f4\u6839\u672c\u53d1\u4e0d\u4e86\u8d22\uff0c\u4f46\u6de1\u51fa\u653f\u754c\u540e\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u635e\u4e0a\u4e00\u5927\u7b14\u3002\u4ece\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\uff08George Bush\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5378\u4efb\u540e\uff0c\u5207\u5c3c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8001\u603b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8463\u4e8b\u4eec\u770b\u4e2d\u4e86\u5207\u5c3c\u7684\u201c\u6d77\u6e7e\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u5207\u5c3c\u5728\u6d77\u6e7e\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u4e0e\u963f\u4f4d\u4f2f\u4ea7\u6cb9\u56fd\u7684\u738b\u516c\u8d35\u65cf\u7ed3\u4e0b\u4e86\u201c\u9c9c\u8840\u51dd\u6210\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u6070\u6070\u662f\u6d77\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u7a0b\u627f\u5305\u5546\u3002\u514b\u6797\u987f\uff08Clinton\uff09\u5f53\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\u5e74\u85aa\u4e5f\u5c3120\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0b\u53f0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51ed\u7740\u9000\u4f11\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u628a\u5927\u628a\u5730\u635e\u94b1\uff0c\u5176\u5546\u4e1a\u6027\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u5f00\u4ef7\u662f\u6d77\u591620\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u81f3\u5c1112\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5c31\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5f53\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\uff0c\u5378\u4efb14\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u4ec5\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e00\u9879\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u6323\u4e861000\u4e07\u52301500\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u201c\u91d1\u53e3\u7389\u8a00\u201d\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e2002\u5e744\u67088\u65e5\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u5468\u520a\u300b[newsweek]\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u201ccitizen Clinton up close\u201d\u3002 \uff09\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u514b\u6797\u987f\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9760\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u6765\u6253\u98ce\u6d41\u5b98\u53f8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u51fa\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u516c\u804c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53d1\u8d22\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u65bd\u5c55\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u62b1\u8d1f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u626c\u540d\u5929\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u4e5f\u4e0d\u653e\u8fc7\u30021983\u5e742\u6708\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\uff08Time\uff09\u5468\u520a\u53d1\u6587\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u524d\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u73b0\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u6c99\u9f99\uff08Sharon\uff09\u7eb5\u5bb9\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u5175\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u4e861982\u5e74\u5c60\u6740\u6570\u767e\u540d\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u60e8\u6848\u3002\u6c99\u9f99\u5b9e\u5728\u6c14\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u544a\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u5ead\u5374\u79f0\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u5468\u520a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u786e\u4e0d\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6076\u610f\uff0c\u6545\u6c99\u9f99\u58f0\u79f0\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u5e76\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c99\u9f99\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8d25\u5317\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u4ee5\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u96621964\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u516c\u53f8\u8bc9\u8428\u5229\u6587\u6848\uff08New York Times Co.v.Sullivan\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\u8ba2\u4e0b\u7684\u89c4\u77e9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u8fd8\u8981\u4ece1950-60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bf4\u8d77\u30021954\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u6848\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5357\u65b9\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdd\u53cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u98ce\u8d77\u4e91\u6d8c\uff0c\u70ed\u706b\u671d\u5929\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u793e\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\uff0c1960\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u9886\u8896\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u00b7\u91d1\uff08Martin Luther King, J.\uff09\u7b494\u540d\u7267\u5e08\u8054\u7edc64\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u6c11\u6743\u4eba\u58eb\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u7248\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u8bf7\u503e\u542c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5450\u558a\u300b\uff08heed their rising voices\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u52df\u6350\u57fa\u91d1\u3002\u8fd9\u5e45\u5e7f\u544a\u731b\u70c8\u5730\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u9547\u538b\u6c11\u6743\u793a\u5a01\u7684\u884c\u5f84\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u8c34\u8d23\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u8499\u54e5\u9a6c\u5229\u5e02\u8b66\u65b9\u4ee5\u201c\u6050\u6016\u6d6a\u6f6e\u201d\u5bf9\u5f85\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u793a\u5a01\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5e7f\u544a\u8fd8\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u8005\u201d\u6b63\u5728\u4e00\u610f\u5b64\u884c\uff0c\u9547\u538b\u548c\u6d88\u706d\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u8896\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u00b7\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0d\u591f\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u8bf4\u6709\u51e0\u4f4d\u9ed1\u4eba\u5b66\u751f\u56e0\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u5e73\u793a\u5a01\u800c\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u9a71\u51fa\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u56ed\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u51e0\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u56e0\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u4ec5\u4f9b\u767d\u4eba\u5c31\u9910\u7684\u9910\u5385\u524d\u9759\u5750\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u4f7f\u9910\u5385\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u8425\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u6cd5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u800c\u88ab\u9a71\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u53c8\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5e7f\u544a\u79f0\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u7acb\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u5b66\u751f\u201d\u90fd\u6297\u8bae\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u00b7\u91d1\u88ab\u6355\u8fc74\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u5e7f\u544a\u4e0a\u5374\u8bf4\u67097\u6b21\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u67094\u540d\u9ed1\u4eba\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u5728\u672c\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u5230\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u7f72\u540d\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u5bf9\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u8005\u201d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u7279\u522b\u607c\u706b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u57281954\u5e74\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u6848\u4e2d\u53ea\u662f\u5224\u51b3\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8428\u5229\u6587\uff08L. B. Sullivan\uff09\u662f\u8499\u54e5\u9a6c\u5229\u5e02\u7684\u6c11\u9009\u5e02\u653f\u4e13\u5458\uff08elected commissioner\uff09\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u653f\u6cbb\u5e7f\u544a\u5e76\u65e0\u4e00\u5904\u63d0\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0a\u59d3\u5927\u540d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u6253\u4e0a\u95e8\u6765\u5bf9\u53f7\u5165\u5ea7\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u7ee7\u4e4b\u5e72\u8106\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u63a7\u544a\u963f\u4f2f\u5185\u65af\uff08Ralph D. Abernathy\uff09\u7b494\u540d\u5728\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u7f72\u540d\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u7267\u5e08\uff08\u56fd\u5185\u5f88\u591a\u6750\u6599\u4e0a\u90fd\u8bf4\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u662f\u91d1\u7267\u5e08\u7b494\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8428\u5229\u6587\u63a7\u544a\u76844\u4eba\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u91d1\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff09\u548c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8b66\u65b9\u9996\u8111\u7684\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u72af\u6709\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\uff0c\u8981\u6c4250\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u540d\u8a89\u8d54\u507f\u8d39\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5e26\u5934\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e5f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6548\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a7\u544a\u5317\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5de8\u989d\u8d54\u507f\u3002\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u603b\u8ba1\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u7d22\u8d54\u8fbe5\u767e\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u4e4b\u5de8\u3002\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u957f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f69\u7279\u68ee[John Patterson]\u4e5f\u6b65\u8428\u5229\u6587\u540e\u5c18\u5bf9\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u57281960\u5e745\u670816\u65e5\u4ee5\u201c\u65f6\u62a5\u64a4\u56de\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u201d\u4e3a\u9898\u520a\u767b\u5bf9\u4f69\u7279\u68ee\u5dde\u957f\u7684\u9053\u6b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u58f0\u660e\u201d\u662f\u6307\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u53f3\u4e0a\u65b9\u4ee5\u65f6\u62a5\u7f16\u8f91\u540d\u4e49\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u5bfc\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u7531\u9ed1\u4eba\u6380\u8d77\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u548c\u5e73\u793a\u5a01\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u65b0\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u8ba9\u56fd\u4f1a\u503e\u542c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u547c\u58f0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u88ab\u542c\u5230\u3002\u201d\u5e76\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u520a\u767b\u4e00\u4efd\u5e7f\u544a\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u672c\u62a5\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u672c\u62a5\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6216\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u201d \uff09<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u539f\u544a\u548c\u88ab\u544a\u53cc\u65b9\u5b8c\u5168\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5dde\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba1\u7406\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9644\u5e26\u88ab\u544a\u5916\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u8428\u5229\u6587\u548c\u56db\u540d\u88ab\u544a\u90fd\u662f\u672c\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b64\u6848\u9042\u7531\u5145\u6ee1\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba1\u7406\u3002\u800c\u6839\u636e\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u201c\u8bfd\u8c24\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u539f\u544a\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u91d1\u94b1\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u6c11\u4e8b\u8d54\u507f\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u8499\u54e5\u9a6c\u5229\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\uff08\u7531\u6e05\u4e00\u8272\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\uff09\u5224\u51b3\u88ab\u544a\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u5e94\u4ed8\u539f\u544a50\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u540d\u8a89\u635f\u5931\u8d39\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u5927\u672c\u8425\u975e\u5e38\u613f\u610f\u5949\u966a\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u628a\u5b98\u53f8\u95f9\u5927\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u56e0\u62a5\u9053\u6709\u8bef\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5b98\u53f8\u8fd8\u4f1a\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5386\u65f6\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u5b98\u53f8\u624d\u6253\u5230\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u88c1\u5b9a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u30021962\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5dde\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ef4\u6301\u539f\u5224\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5bbd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u520a\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u635f\u88ab\u8bfd\u8c24\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u8d38\u6613\u6216\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6307\u8d23\u5176\u72af\u6709\u53ef\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u53d7\u5230\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5b57\u4fbf\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8bfd\u8c24\u2026\u2026\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u670d\uff0c\u8058\u8bf7\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u8457\u540d\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5a01\u7ef4\u514b\u65af\u52d2\u6559\u6388\uff08Herbert Wechsler\uff09\u548c\u524d\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u5e03\u9c81\u5185\u5c14\uff08Herbert Brownell\uff09\u4e3a\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u628a\u5b98\u53f8\u4e00\u76f4\u6253\u5230\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b98\u53f8\u4e8b\u5173\u91cd\u5927\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5bf9\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u66f4\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e2d\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u516c\u4f17\u81ea\u7531\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9042\u63a5\u4e0b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6848\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u5f53\u5b98\u6328\u9a82\u5b9e\u5c5e\u6b63\u5e38 \u8206\u8bba\u76d1\u7763\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n
1964\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee59\u7968\u5bf90\u7968\u4e00\u81f4\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672c\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u7531\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6c83\u4f26\u4eb2\u81ea\u8d77\u8349\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u8c03\u67e5\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u603b\u7edf\u9047\u523a\uff081963\u5e7411\u670822\u65e5\uff09\u4e8b\u4ef6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u5fd9\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f00\u4ea4\uff0c\u5206\u8eab\u4e4f\u672f\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u628a\u64b0\u5199\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4ed6\u6700\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\uff08William J. Brennan, Jr.\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e94\u8be5\u63d0\u51e0\u53e5\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4ee5\u5021\u5bfc\u516c\u4f17\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u4e8e\u4e16\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u5e72\u5c31\u662f34\u5e74\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6c83\u4f26\u6700\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5de6\u8180\u53f3\u81c2\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5021\u5bfc\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u201c\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u603b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u201d\uff08a principal architect of the Warren court’s jurisprudence\uff09\u3002\uff08\u5728\u5171\u4e8b\u768413\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c83\u4f26\u548c\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u6bcf\u661f\u671f\u56db\u4e0b\u5348\u90fd\u5b9a\u671f\u4f1a\u9762\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u975e\u5e38\u9ed8\u5951\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c83\u4f26\u662f\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u957f\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\uff0c\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u6765\u5f25\u8865\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u957f\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
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\u867d\u7136\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u96629\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e00\u81f4\u540c\u610f\u5224\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u80dc\u8bc9\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u7531\u5374\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\uff08Hugo Black\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8865\u5145\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6700\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5bbd\u6cdb\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u7b2c1\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6240\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u5404\u9879\u516c\u4f17\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u5e76\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e86\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7edd\u5bf9\u8bba\u201d\uff08first amendment absolutism\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6240\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u5b9a\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u5404\u9879\u6743\u5229\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u635f\u5bb3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af(William O. Douglas)\u548c\u6208\u5fb7\u5821\uff08Arthur J. Goldberg\uff09\u4e24\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\u3002\u5728\u8865\u5145\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u518d\u6b21\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u5373\u4f7f\u6309\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u201c\u6076\u610f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u6709\u96be\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u65e0\u4e5f\u96be\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5bf9\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\u8005\u6709\u201c\u6076\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u592a\u5f31\uff0c\u201c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u6295\u7968\u63a8\u7ffb\u539f\u5224\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u7406\u7531\u662f\u51e0\u4f4d\u88ab\u544a\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u5728\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u6279\u8bc4\u8499\u54e5\u9a6c\u5229\u5e02\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u5b98\u5458\u201d\u3002\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\u8a00\u8bf4\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u201d\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6709\u201c\u6076\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u4ecd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d5e\u626c\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5ead\u8fa9\u671f\u95f4\u7ed9\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u4fbf\u6761\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u5f53\u7136\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u6211\u5199\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff08\u4e0e\u4f60\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f60\u5728\u65f6\u62a5\u6848\u4e0a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u5728\u51fa\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6765\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u901a\u5411\u4fdd\u62a4\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u6d41\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u6b65\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5c31\u5728\u5224\u51b3\u516c\u5e03\u540e\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4f7f\u5f97\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9488\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5168\u7f8e\u5404\u5dde\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u591a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u63a7\u544a\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u72af\u6709\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u7684\u6848\u5b50\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6240\u7533\u660e\u7684\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ece\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3a\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u6279\u8bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u516c\u804c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u5baa\u653f\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u516c\u53f8\u8bc9\u8428\u5229\u6587\u6848\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002\u65e9\u57281923\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8bba\u575b\u62a5\u300b\u8fd9\u5bb6\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u66fe\u56e0\u62a5\u9053\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\uff08Chicago\uff09\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u7834\u4ea7\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u65b0\u95fb\u5185\u5bb9\u5931\u5b9e\u800c\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u544a\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\uff08Illinois\uff09\u6cd5\u9662\u575a\u6301\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5224\u51b3\u300a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8bba\u575b\u62a5\u300b\u65e0\u7f6a\u3002\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5b81\u53ef\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u62a5\u7eb8\u5728\u62a5\u9053\u5076\u800c\u5931\u5b9e\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d7\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4f7f\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u56e0\u62c5\u5fc3\u53d7\u60e9\u7f5a\u800c\u4e0d\u6562\u6279\u8bc4\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u80fd\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u4f8b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8303\u56f4\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5dde\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4fdd\u62a4\u79c1\u4eba\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4fdd\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e00\u65b9\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u5931\u5b9e\uff0c\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u5373\u53ef\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5bf9\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bfd\u8c24\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u516c\u52a1\u800c\u62db\u81f4\u6279\u8bc4\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u96be\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u3002\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u51b3\u4f7f\u7b2c1\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u6db5\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u5c06\u539f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fb5\u6743\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u8d23\u4efb\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u5f8b\u5e08\u7ef4\u514b\u65af\u52d2\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8fdc\u89c1\u5353\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8bc9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u8df3\u51fa\u4fb5\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e8e\u8bfd\u8c24\u662f\u201c\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u7262\u7262\u6293\u4f4f\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6700\u4e3a\u73cd\u89c6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6743\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53ef\u6015\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u62a4\u6761\u6b3e\u9650\u5236\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u66f4\u654f\u611f\u3001\u66f4\u5c11\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c1\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u628a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u7528\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u51e0\u4e4e\u6210\u4e3a\u4ee5\u540e\u8861\u91cf\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8bfd\u8c24\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u8d77\u521d\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u804c\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u5224\u51b3\uff08\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u518d\u5168\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5206\u6b67\u5f88\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u6267\u884c\u516c\u52a1\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\uff08public figure\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281967\u5e74\u7684Curtis publishing C. v. Butts\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u717d\u52a8\u6027\u8bfd\u8c24\u201d\uff08seditious libel\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u6240\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5168\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u201c\u6beb\u65e0\u62d8\u675f\u3001\u5bcc\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u201d\uff08uninhibited, robust, and wide open debate\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u51e1\u5c31\u516c\u4f17\u4e8b\u52a1\u800c\u6d89\u53ca\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u6027\u8a00\u8f9e\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u6076\u610f\u201d\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u5927\u5927\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281971\u5e74\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bfd\u8c24\u6848Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc.\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u867d\u7136\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u5404\u8bf4\u5404\u7684\u201d\u591a\u5143\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8bfd\u8c24\u9648\u8ff0\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6216\u666e\u904d\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff08mater of public or general interest\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d7\u5230\u65f6\u62a5\u6848\u539f\u5219\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5a31\u4e50\u754c\u7684\u5927\u8155\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u754c\u7684\u660e\u661f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5de5\u5546\u754c\u7684\u5927\u4ea8\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5934\u5934\u8111\u8111\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u56ca\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u629b\u5934\u9732\u9762\u3001\u51fa\u5c3d\u98ce\u5934\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u88ab\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u66dd\u5149\u82e5\u5e72\u89c1\u4e0d\u5f97\u4eba\u7684\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u786e\u4e5f\u6709\u4f5c\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u96be\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u51fa\u53f0 \u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7269\u9a82\u4e0d\u5f97<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u539f\u5219\u53ca\u5176\u968f\u540e\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u88ab\u63a7\u8bfd\u8c24\u4e4b\u5fe7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u5c11\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u5f00\u59cb\u6ee5\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u8ba8\u538c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4eba\u7269\u4e0d\u9057\u4f59\u529b\u5730\u8c29\u9a82\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5bb3\u88ab\u6234\u4e0a\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u201d\u5e3d\u5b50\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5bbd\u6cdb\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u5934\u767e\u59d3\u53d7\u5230\u8bfd\u8c24\u540e\u544a\u72b6\u65e0\u95e8\uff0c\u771f\u53ef\u8c13\u53eb\u5929\u5929\u4e0d\u5e94\u3001\u558a\u5730\u5730\u4e0d\u7075\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u8651\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281974\u5e74\u7684\u76d6\u8328\u8bc9\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u5947\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6709\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u8d77\u6848\u5b50\u53d1\u751f\u57281969\u5e74\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8b66\u5bdf\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\uff0c\u88ab\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u5904\u8c0b\u6740\u7f6a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u5bb6\u5c5e\u6240\u8bf7\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u76d6\u8328\uff08Elmer Gertz\uff09\u8fd8\u5411\u8be5\u8b66\u5bdf\u63d0\u51fa\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u7531\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u5947\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6781\u53f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u793e\u56e2\uff08John Birch society\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u5bb6\u6781\u53f3\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40[\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u4e4b\u4e00]\u7684\u7279\u5de5\uff0c1945\u5e74\u79cb\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u6295\u964d\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u95ef\u5165\u4e2d\u5171\u82cf\u5317\u89e3\u653e\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u90e8\u961f\u53d1\u751f\u53e3\u89d2\u800c\u88ab\u8bef\u6740\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u5171\u53cd\u534e\u52bf\u529b\u501f\u673a\u5927\u4f5c\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6781\u53f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u56e0\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f00\u660e\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53d1\u8d77\u8fc7\u4e00\u573a\u201c\u5f39\u52be\u6c83\u4f26\u201d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u7684\u6708\u520a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u300b\uff08American opinion\uff09\u6742\u5fd7\u5bf9\u6b64\u6068\u4e4b\u5165\u9aa8\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u653b\u51fb\u76d6\u8328\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u201c\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u5934\u9762\u4eba\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u5211\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u6709\u610f\u9677\u5bb3\u88ab\u63a7\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6467\u6bc1\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u76d6\u8328\u7684\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5176\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e1a\u52a1\u5927\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u76d6\u8328\u63d0\u8d77\u8bfd\u8c24\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u5947\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u8d54\u507f50\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u4f46\u8054\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u4e0a\u8bc9\u4e24\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u90fd\u4ee5\u76d6\u8328\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u88ab\u544a\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u5224\u5176\u8d25\u8bc9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51e0\u7ecf\u5468\u6298\uff0c1974\u5e74\u6848\u5b50\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u30029\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ee55\u6bd44\u7684\u6295\u7968\u7ed3\u679c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u5224\u76d6\u8328\u80dc\u8bc9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4f5c\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u88c1\u5b9a\u5b83\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u975e\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u975e\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u5bfb\u6c42\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u4e3a\u8bfd\u8c24\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u201c\u516c\u5171\u5173\u6ce8\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14\uff08Lewis Powell, Jr.\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba3\u8bfb\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u76d6\u8328\u6848\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u786e\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u6ce8\uff08public concern\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u88ab\u544a\u5c31\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u7684\u539f\u5219\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u5728\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u51fa\u7248\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u5a92\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u514d\u9664\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u539f\u5219\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08\u7b2c1\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff09\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u5404\u5dde\u6709\u9650\u6743\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d\u867d\u7136\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6b7b\u4e0d\u8ba4\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u4e86\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\u57281971\u5e74\u6848\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8bd5\u60f3\u4e00\u65e6\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u5c31\u5c06\u4ed8\u51fa\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u5047\u516c\u6d4e\u79c1\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u79c1\u5229\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6253\u7740\u4e3a\u516c\u7684\u65d7\u53f7\u8981\u6c42\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6cd5\u5ead\u8fd8\u8ba4\u5b9a\u76d6\u8328\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u6743\u9886\u57df\u548c\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u9887\u6709\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u8fbe\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u5c31\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u52a0\u793e\u533a\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u4fbf\u8bf4\u4ed6\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u4e3b\u52a8\u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u66dd\u5149\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6e20\u9053\u63a5\u89e6\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96be\u6709\u6548\u5730\u53cd\u9a73\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u8bfd\u8c24\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bd4\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\u66f4\u6709\u6743\u5229\u9700\u8981\u8865\u507f\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u51fa\u793a\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u5076\u7136\u6563\u5e03\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6062\u590d\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u7ed9\u4e88\u8865\u507f\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u5404\u5dde\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u540d\u8a89\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u65b9\u9762\u201d\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6743\u76ca\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u76ca\u548c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e5f\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f24\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79c1\u4eba\u539f\u544a\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u8bfd\u8c24\u8005\u5904\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff08punitive damages\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6076\u610f\u201d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\uff08\u5728\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u6c11\u4e8b\u4fb5\u6743\u6848\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u80dc\u8bc9\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u9664\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8d54\u507f[compensatory damages]\u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u6068\u6216\u516c\u4f17\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u5bf9\u65b9\u5904\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u60e9\u7f5a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8a00\u884c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f5a\u6b3e\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8d54\u507f\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u8005\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5a01\u6151\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u8b66\u793a\u6027\u7f5a\u6b3e\u201d[exemplary damages]\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u7f5a\u6b3e\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bd4\u8d54\u507f\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u76d6\u8328\u6848\u6709\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ba9\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\u539f\u5219\u9002\u7528\u5230\u6240\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u79c1\u4eba\u539f\u544a\u7684\u6848\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u540d\u8a89\u5b98\u53f8\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728 \u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u7279\u6743\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834<\/p>\n
\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5931\u5747\u8861\u548c\u660e\u667a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bc4\u8bba\u8912\u8d2c\u4e0d\u4e00\u3001\u89c1\u4ec1\u89c1\u667a\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6848\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u5177\u6709\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u6279\u8bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u5927\u5f00\u7eff\u706f\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u201c\u6562\u628a\u603b\u7edf\u62c9\u4e0b\u9a6c\u201d\u5f0f\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u62a5\u9053\u81ea\u7531\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u8d8a\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\uff08CBS\uff09\u7535\u89c6\u65b0\u95fb\u4e3b\u64ad\u514b\u6717\u514b\u7279\uff08Walter Cronkite\uff09\u5bf9\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u8d8a\u6218\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u65e0\u60c5\u62a8\u51fb\u548c\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u6218\u8fd0\u52a8\u65e5\u76ca\u9ad8\u6da8\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u88ab\u8feb\u653e\u5f03\u7ade\u9009\u8fde\u4efb\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u60b2\u54c0\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53c2\u52a0\u7ade\u9009\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u673a\u4f1a\u53d6\u80dc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u514b\u6717\u514b\u7279\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u534a\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u201d\uff08f I lost Cronkite, I’ve lost middle America\uff09\u30021972\u5e74\u81f31974\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08Washington post\uff09\u8bb0\u8005\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff08Carl Bernstein\uff09\u548c\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6c83\u5fb7\uff08Bob Woodward\uff09\u5bf9\u6c34\u95e8\u4e11\u95fb\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u63ed\u9732\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5f15\u8d77\u8f69\u7136\u5927\u6ce2\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u8f9e\u804c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d8a\u6218\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u6c34\u95e8\u4e11\u95fb\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u521b\u4f24\u3002\u75db\u5b9a\u601d\u75db\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u754c\u8981\u4eba\u7eb7\u7eb7\u628a\u8c34\u8d23\u7684\u77db\u5934\u6307\u5411\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d8a\u6218\u548c\u6c34\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u95fb\u5931\u63a7\u201d\u75db\u5fc3\u75be\u9996\u3002\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u66fe\u7ecf\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u662f\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u3002\u524d\u4fb5\u8d8a\u7f8e\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u6469\u5170\u5c06\u519b\uff08William C. Westmoreland\uff09\u5f15\u7528\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e09\u4efd\u4e0d\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u6bd4\u4e00\u5343\u628a\u523a\u5200\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u6015\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
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\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u300a\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff08Los Angeles Times\uff09\u5916\u4ea4\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5e03\u96f7\u7279\uff08Thomas Plate\uff09\u4ea4\u6d41\u65f6\uff0c\u4efb\u4e1c\u6765\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5e03\u96f7\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cM\u7684\u65e0\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u662f\u660e\u667a\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6253\u8d62\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5b98\u53f8\u9700\u8981\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u4e00\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9e\u4e4b\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e8c\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u6000\u6709\u6076\u610f\uff0c\u4e09\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u53d7\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u800cM\u73b0\u8f6c\u5230\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u664b\u5347\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u628aM\u641e\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u8981\u8bbe\u6cd5\u91c7\u8bbfM\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u91c7\u8bbf\u8bb0\uff0cM\u7acb\u9a6c\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b98\u53f8\u5fc5\u8f93\u65e0\u7591\u3002 <\/p>\n
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