{"id":11870,"date":"2009-06-01T22:13:01","date_gmt":"2009-06-02T03:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=11870"},"modified":"2009-06-04T21:46:28","modified_gmt":"2009-06-05T02:46:28","slug":"20090601%e5%a4%a7%e9%99%86%e5%ae%98%e5%aa%92%e4%bb%8a%e5%b9%b4%e9%a6%96%e6%8f%90%e5%85%ad%e5%9b%9b%ef%bc%8c%e5%a4%9a%e5%90%8d%e5%bb%ba%e5%88%b6%e5%ad%a6%e8%80%85%e8%b0%88%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e5%88%86%e5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=11870","title":{"rendered":"20090601\/\u5927\u9646\u5b98\u5a92\u4eca\u5e74\u9996\u63d0\u516d\u56db(\u6570\u5219)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u540d\u4e3a\u201cEvolution of Chinese intellectuals’ thought over two decades\u201d\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u5185\u5730\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5fb7\u901a\u793e\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u5230\u6587\u7ae0\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f90\u53cb\u6e14\u5728\u7f51\u5fd7\u6240\u5199\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u5f90\u53cb\u6e14\u662f\u300a08\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8054\u7f72\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e09. 21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50<\/p>\n

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\n

Evolution of Chinese intellectuals’ thought over two decades <\/strong><\/p>\n

Source: The Global Times [23:54 May 31 2009]
\nBy Xie Ying and Lin Jiasi <\/p>\n

Working at a top political think tank of the government, the author of the patriotic Chinese tome Paradoxes of American Hegemony today delights in contrasting Western economic failures with the successes of China\u2019s chosen economic path.<\/p>\n

Back in the 1980s Ding Yifan had idealistically believed in Western models as offering solutions to all kinds of problems. But today as a full-time employee at the Institute of World Development in the Development Research Center of the State Council, Ding laughs off as na\u00efve The Development of Sociology, a Chinese book of translated Western thoughts that he edited two decades ago.<\/p>\n

As a teacher in the late 1980s, Ding like many had experienced the sudden jolt of embarrassment at China\u2019s global backwardness and ascribed those feelings to a failure of \u201cnational ideology\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe were feeling insecure about China\u2019s future, and we were expecting the West to help China in economic reform,\u201d said Liu Jiangyong, a professor at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University.<\/p>\n

Reform and opening-up <\/p>\n

While the launch of reform and opening-up in 1978 kickstarted a socialist planned economy into transforming itself into a more vibrant State-controlled market economy, the Chinese government during the first 10 years of this transformation found itself groping to resolve the endemic intellectual, political and economic contradictions of its new and controversial policy.<\/p>\n

Ordinary people\u2019s life failed to fully improve, partly because bureaucrat profiteering and some other negative sides of the society made the way obscure, said Shen Dingli, a professor at Fudan University.<\/p>\n

The concept of a socialist market economy was not \u201cfinalized\u201d and Chinese society was \u201cin transition\u201d, according to Jin Canrong, deputy director of School of International Studies at the Renmin University of China.<\/p>\n

People were less confident about China\u2019s future in the 1980s, explained Zhang Yiwu, a Peking University literature professor.<\/p>\n

Irritated by China\u2019s pathetic economy and the ultra-left thinking left over from the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), many Chinese intellectuals shared a common pursuit of freedom and democracy in the 1980s, \u201can era of enlightenment on democracy for intellectuals\u201d, Xiao Gongqin, a major spokesman for cultural nationalism and a history professor at Shanghai Normal University, wrote in his Chinese book Thoughts Differentiation among Modern Chinese Intellectuals and Its Political Influence.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe youth in universities were all drinking in a variety of knowledge and reading various books,\u201d Zhang Liping, researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences told the Global Times.<\/p>\n

At that time, information on different societies and lectures on new concepts filled every corner of campus noticeboards. Books and debates circulated among students. Especially popular were arguments over \u201cisms\u201d including existentialism, humanitarianism, liberalism, capitalism and Marxism.<\/p>\n

\u201cUncertainty was the most obvious characteristic of that period,\u201d said Zhang Yiwu. He noted that the intellectuals at that time chose Western thoughts \u201cat random\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt [the \u201980s] was the age of enlightenment and almost a turning point for China\u2019s political transition,\u201d said Chen Zhigang, former Washington bureau chief of Hong Kong-based Sing Tao Daily.<\/p>\n

June 4 Incident broke out in 1989 and after that intellectuals in China \u201cswitched to silence\u201d, according to Zhang Liping.<\/p>\n

\u201cIntellectuals no longer discussed \u2018isms\u2019 publicly, and shifted their focus to academic issues,\u201d she said. \u201cSome people worried that China might slip backward.\u201d<\/p>\n

Deng\u2019s trip to South China <\/p>\n

Such worries were dispelled three years later in 1992 by Deng Xiaoping\u2019s visit to South China.<\/p>\n

\u201cDeng\u2019s speech reignited people\u2019s hope and restored their confidence,\u201d said Zhang Liping. In his speech, Deng emphasized the importance of economic reform and open-mindedness.<\/p>\n

In 1990s, \u201ceconomic development\u201d was no longer a slogan. People witnessed their living standards improve day by day. \u201cThe Chinese market economy gave individuals, especially those at the grass roots, an opportunity to change their life,\u201d said Zhang Yiwu, author of Xin Xin Zhongguo de Xingxiang (Image of \u201cNew New China\u201d).<\/p>\n

Zhang\u2019s uncle became wealthy, whereas before the policy, he had often sought financial help from Zhang\u2019s family. Zhang himself also benefited. He no longer had to line up for three hours in the cold just to buy five pieces of tofu to entertain a guest.<\/p>\n

Disintegration of the Soviet Union and political changes in Eastern Europe shocked Zhang Yiwu. After reading some French theoreticians, Zhang turned to what he called a more \u201crational\u201d way of thinking. He began to gain a clearer idea of China\u2019s development in the early 1990s and no longer considered Western models as total solutions.<\/p>\n

After 1989, intellectuals became \u201cmore moderate and rational,\u201d Zhang Liping said. \u201cPeople realized that China would not change overnight.\u201d<\/p>\n

He \u201cknew\u201d the student movement would not change China, said Ding Yifan, \u201ceven with the lure of Western cultural influence in the 1980s.\u201d<\/p>\n

China changed fast after 1992, making some intellectuals anxious. Along with increasing wealth, the socialist market economy also brought utilitarian benefit and mammonism to China.<\/p>\n

Many focused on wealth creation. Intellectuals found their elite culture replaced by secular culture and felt pushed to the margins of society from being at the center of thought in the 1980s.<\/p>\n

In the 1990s, fewer people cared about what intellectuals had to say, and many intellectuals left academic circles and threw themselves into business instead.<\/p>\n

Worrying about this new materialism in the \u201990s, some intellectuals represented by Wang Xiaoming, a professor of modern Chinese literature and now a director of the Center for Contemporary Culture Studies at Shanghai University, published \u201cRuins on the Open Field\u201d in 1993, an article which sparked heated discussion about \u201chumanistic spirit\u201d.<\/p>\n

Intellectuals reflected upon themselves and discussed how to adjust their sense of worth in the new decade and regain their lost \u201chumanistic spirit\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf the ideology of culture in the 1980s was radical or idealistically aiming to achieve reform, then there had to follow a social phenomena called \u2018constructive criticism\u2019 to reflect on humanity and the reality of society in China in the 1990s,\u201d said Xu Youyu, a former researcher at the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing.<\/p>\n

Fast changes <\/p>\n

China was experiencing drastic and rapid changes at that time, said Zhang Yiwu. \u201cThe difficulties were what we paid for that transition. An absolutely ideal mode could never appear.<\/p>\n

\u201cChinese were so poor in the past that they had a strong desire to change their life and make the country powerful and this spirit turned into a strong power to drive economic development.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a young teacher in the 1990s, Zhang found students attended classes just for credits and often slept no matter how interesting the lesson was. Outside class, they discussed real-life issues and problems with Zhang.<\/p>\n

For example, they discussed the popular TV drama Desire with Zhang. In Zhang\u2019s eyes, this show embodied the changes of 1990s mass culture.<\/p>\n

\u201cAt that time, I felt that the Chinese had found their spiritual sustenance and they started to believe they could change their life,\u201d said Zhang.<\/p>\n

Facing advantages and disadvantages brought about by the market economy, Chinese intellectuals began to split into \u201cliberalism\u201d and \u201cthe New Left\u201d, Xu Youyu wrote in his blog. They disagreed on the root of social evils in that period: the former believed the old power system obstructed healthy development of a market economy in China while the latter criticized the market economy and insisted on resistance.<\/p>\n

Entering the 21st century, with no specific ideology dominating the Chinese people, the rapid development of the Internet provided intellectuals with space to express their ideas.<\/p>\n

In the 1980s, Zhang Yiwu kept himself away from sensitive topics like human rights.<\/p>\n

\u201cTo choose such a topic means to deny and break from society in the 1980s,\u201d Zhang said.<\/p>\n

He said \u201cwe have more space\u201d nowadays.<\/p>\n

Such changes also appeared in philosophy. Fang Jun at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences wrote in his article \u201cBasic Trend of China\u2019s Philosophy Studies at the Turn of the Century\u201d that at the initial phase of China\u2019s reform, philosophy studies focused on the criteria for truth to assist reform in ridding it of ideological barriers.<\/p>\n

As reform went deeper, focus shifted to fundamental subjects of the world philosophy community, such as how to overcome or prevent a \u201cculture crisis\u201d after industrialization.<\/p>\n

China rises <\/p>\n

Increasing globalization and China’s enhanced international status also altered international studies.<\/p>\n

Nuclear proliferation was a focus of Sino-US issues in the 1990s, according to Shen Dingli, an international relations expert.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the 1990s, China had few opportunities to express what it thought and wanted, but was pressed to follow the US,\u201d Shen said. But in the 21st century, the pattern has been changing.<\/p>\n

Nuclear proliferation is no longer a centric problem between China and the US. On the contrary, the two countries are seeking strategic cooperation, according to Shen.<\/p>\n

\u201cAfter entering the 21st century, China experienced drastic changes every year,\u201d said Zhang Liping. When she visited the US as a visiting scholar at the end of 1990s, she was surprised at numerous vehicles parked along the streets, varieties of fruits and advanced technology.<\/p>\n

But when she came back to China two years later, she was amazed at China\u2019s rapid changes. She found China had almost everything in daily life that the US has.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the past, Chinese wanted to know more about the US, but now Americans wanted to know more about China,\u201d said Zhang Liping. When she visited the US again in 2005, she found many seminars discussing China\u2019s rise almost simultaneously.<\/p>\n

It was once hard for Zhang to make an appointment with American analysts working at think tanks in the 1990s, but today she can \u201ceasily meet the same well-known analysts by merely sending them an e-mail beforehand\u201d.<\/p>\n

Two issues lag behind economic development, said Zhang Liping: political reform and environmental protection.<\/p>\n

Shen Dingli worries that China\u2019s growing wealth gap and severe corruption might impair people\u2019s confidence in the government and the ruling party.<\/p>\n

\u201cIntellectuals should not blindly cater to a specific group, no matter majority or minority, but view society in a rational way and help China find a road that fits with the actual situation,\u201d Zhang Yiwu said.<\/p>\n

The influence of China\u2019s intellectuals can be seen in exemptions from agricultural tax, investment in village health care, education and infrastructure systems, education reform and social security system reform, said Wang Hui, an intellectual historian and Tsinghua University professor at an academic forum in Geneva.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople are more mature now,\u201d said Zhang Yiwu. \u201cThey no longer think Western thoughts are China\u2019s ultimate goal.\u201d<\/p>\n

Several times during her interview, Zhang Liping emphasized that \u201cradical reform or revolution is extremely insecure and does not work in China.\u201d<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/www\/english\/top-news\/2009-05\/433565.html<\/p>\n

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\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u4e0b\u9519\u8bef\u51b3\u5b9a<\/p>\n

20\u5e74\u540e\u518d\u56de\u987e\u516d\u56db\uff0c\u201c\u516d\u56db\u9547\u538b\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u6ca1\u4eba\u8bf4\u8981\u63a8\u7ffb\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u201d\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u516d\u56db\u9547\u538b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u91d1\u89c2\u6d9b\u592b\u5987\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u65e2\u80fd\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3001\u53c8\u80fd\u628a\u5c40\u52bf\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6743\u529b\u201c\u5236\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u60b2\u5267\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u6765\u6709\u4eba\u4ee5\u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8150\u8d25\u4e0e\u7e41\u8363\u5171\u751f\u5386\u4ee3\u7686\u6709<\/p>\n

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\u6e29\u529d\u963b\u8d75\u53ec\u5f00\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u4f1a\u8bae<\/p>\n

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\u674e\u9e4f\u66fe\u5230\u5e7f\u573a\u5bb3\u6015\u5feb\u6e9c<\/p>\n

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\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u8d75\u7d2b\u96331997\u5e74\u81f4\u4e2d\u5171\u5341\u4e94\u5927\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u53ca\u5168\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u5168\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u300c\u516d\u56db\u300d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u5bf9\u65bc\u300e\u516d\u56db\u300f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4ef7\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fdf\u65e9\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u65f6\u95f4\u62d6\u5f97\u518d\u4e45\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6de1\u5fd8\u7684\u3002\u65e9\u89e3\u51b3\u6bd4\u665a\u89e3\u51b3\u597d\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u89e3\u51b3\u6bd4\u88ab\u52a8\u89e3\u51b3\u597d\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u52bf\u7a33\u5b9a\u65f6\u89e3\u51b3\u6bd4\u51fa\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u9ebb\u70e6\u65f6\u89e3\u51b3\u597d\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

\n

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\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e0c\u671b<\/p>\n

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