{"id":10797,"date":"2009-04-04T01:47:17","date_gmt":"2009-04-04T06:47:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=10797"},"modified":"2009-04-04T02:00:44","modified_gmt":"2009-04-04T07:00:44","slug":"20090404%e4%b8%ad%e5%8d%b0%e5%85%ac%e8%b7%af%e4%b8%8e%e5%8f%b2%e8%bf%aa%e5%a8%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.jackjia.com\/?p=10797","title":{"rendered":"20090404\/\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\u4e0e\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff1a\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\uff08Ledo Road\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u5217\u591a\u516c\u8def\u3001\u96f7\u591a\u516c\u8def\u3001\u5229\u591a\u516c\u8def\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u5207\u65ad\u6ec7\u7f05\u516c\u8def\u540e\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u90a6\u96f7\u591a\u9547\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u7f05\u7538\u514b\u94a6\u90a6\u5bc6\u652f\u90a3\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e91\u5357\u6606\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u516c\u8def\u3002\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u533a\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7ebf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6761\u516c\u8def\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u76df\u519b\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u519b\u4e8b\u4f9b\u5e94\u3002\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\u5bf9\u7ef4\u6301\u4e2d\u56fd\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u30021945\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u516c\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n

african-americans-wwii-009.jpg
\n\uff08\u4e8c\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\u4e0a\u884c\u9a76\u7684\u7f8e\u519b\u5361\u8f66\uff09<\/p>\n

\/** \u5b8c\u6574\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u200e \uff081,524 \u00d7 1,007 \u50cf\u7d20\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a472 KB\uff0cMIME\u7c7b\u578b\uff1aimage\/jpeg\uff09
\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u6458\u8981 African-americans-wwii-009.jpg
\nfrom NARA :”U.S.-built Army trucks wind along the side of the mountain over the Ledo supply road now open from India into Burma…” n.d. 208-AA-45L-1 Comment: GMC CCKW trucks
\n\u6765\u6e90 NARA \u2014 Pictures of World War II **\/ <\/p>\n

\u516c\u8def\u73b0\u51b5<\/p>\n

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\u91cc\u7a0b\uff08\u65e7\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\uff09
\n\u57ce\u5e02\u540d \u8ddd\u8d77\u70b9\u8ddd\u79bb
\n\u4e91\u5357\u6606\u660e 0\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u5b89\u5b81 33
\n\u4e91\u5357\u695a\u96c4 168\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u5357\u534e 204\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u5927\u7406 378\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u6c38\u5e73 478\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u4fdd\u5c71 579\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u9f99\u9675 721\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u6f5e\u897f 748\u3000
\n\u4e91\u5357\u7579\u753a\u5e02 833\u3000
\n\u7f05\u7538\u6728\u59d0 905\u3000
\n\u7f05\u7538\u516b\u83ab 1048\u3000
\n\u7f05\u7538\u5bc6\u652f\u90a3 1160
\n\u7f05\u7538\u65b0\u5e73\u6d0b\uff0f\u65b0\u8f88\u6d0b 1960\u3000
\n\u5370\u5ea6\u96f7\u591a 2125\u3000 <\/p>\n

\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\/\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u534e\u4f26\u00b7\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff08Joseph Warren Stilwell\uff0c1883\u5e743\u670819\u65e5\uff0d1946\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\uff0c\u9646\u519b\u56db\u661f\u4e0a\u5c06\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u9a7b\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u7f8e\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u76df\u519b\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u533a\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\u3002\u540e\u56e0\u4e0e\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\u800c\u79bb\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u521d\u5e74<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5728\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\u51fa\u751f\uff0c1904\u5e74\u5728\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u66fe\u5728\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u670d\u5f79\u53ca\u4e8e\u897f\u70b9\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u4ea6\u66fe\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u9632\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u201c\u6307\u6325\u53ca\u53c2\u8c0b\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u5c31\u8bfb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u8d74\u6b27\uff0c\u4efb\u7b2c\u56db\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u60c5\u62a5\u5b98\uff0c\u83b7\u6770\u51fa\u670d\u52a1\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u66fe\u9a7b\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\uff1b1926\u5e74\u81f31929\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u8425\u957f\u53ca\u53c2\u8c0b\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u4e4b\u4ee3\u7406\u56e2\u957f\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff09\uff0c1935\u5e74\u81f31939\u5e74\u4efb\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u519b\u4e8b\u53c2\u8d5e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218<\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4ece\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4ece\u7f05\u5317\u8d25\u9000\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5173\u7cfb\u9010\u6e10\u4e0d\u548c\uff0c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u66fe\u66ff\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u53d6\u4e86\u4e2a\u201cPeanut\u201d\uff08\u6ca1\u7528\u7684\u5c0f\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u82b1\u751f\u7c73\uff09\u7684\u7ef0\u53f7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u9ec4\u5c71\u7684\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5c71\u5e84\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cBerchtesgaden\u201d\uff08\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5c71\u5e84\uff09\u30021942\u5e74\u521d\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u6307\u6325\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u539f\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u9886\u4ecd\u7136\u53d7\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u76f4\u63a5\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u9996\u6b21\u5f81\u7f05\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5bf9\u518d\u6b21\u6d3e\u5175\u5165\u7f05\u5411\u65e5\u53cd\u653b\u62b1\u8fdf\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u8bad\u7ec3\u53ca\u88c5\u5907\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e76\u65e0\u6309\u539f\u6765\u8ba1\u5212\u6570\u91cf\u8fd0\u8f93\u8865\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1b\u52a0\u4e0a\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u56de\u539f\u5b9a\u4ece\u6d77\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\u8fdb\u653b\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u518d\u6b21\u653b\u7f05\u5e76\u65e0\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5bf9\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u518d\u4e09\u50ac\u4fc3\u4ecd\u672a\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u591a\u756a\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u56fd\u589e\u52a0\u63f4\u52a9\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5bf9\u6297\u65e5\u6d88\u6781\uff0c\u8d2a\u5f97\u65e0\u538c\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5341\u5206\u8f7b\u89c6\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u53ca\u8150\u8d25\u6df1\u611f\u5230\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bae\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7ec8\u6b62\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5374\u6000\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u597d\u611f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6297\u65e5\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u8005\uff0c\u66fe\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u90e8\u4efd\u7f8e\u63f4\u7ed9\u4e88\u5ef6\u5b89\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u81ea1943\u5e74\u8d77\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u56fd\u64a4\u6362\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

chiangs_and_stilwell.jpg
\n\uff08\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u3001\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u4e0e\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff09<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u516c\u8def<\/p>\n

1943\u5e74\u4e2d\u7f05\u5370\u6218\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u533a\u53ca\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6218\u533a\uff0c\u8499\u5df4\u987f\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6218\u533a\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e3a\u526f\u53f8\u4ee4\u30021943\u5e7412\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4eb2\u81ea\u6307\u6325\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u5370\u519b\u53ca\u9ea6\u5229\u5c14\u7a81\u51fb\u961f\u53cd\u653b\u7f05\u5317\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e1944\u5e748\u6708\u6536\u670d\u7f05\u5317\u4ea4\u901a\u91cd\u9547\u5bc6\u652f\u90a3\u3002\u800c\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u5229\u591a\uff0c\u7ecf\u7f05\u5317\u5bc6\u652f\u90a3\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u4e2d\u5370\u516c\u8def\u4ea6\u4e8e1945\u5e741\u6708\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u516c\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88ab\u64a4\u56de\u56fd<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e0e\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u52bf\u6210\u6c34\u706b\u30021944\u5e74\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u5728\u534e\u53d1\u52a8\u201c\u4e00\u53f7\u4f5c\u6218\u201d\u6253\u901a\u5927\u9646\u6865\uff0c\u56fd\u519b\u5728\u897f\u5357\u3001\u6cb3\u5317\u5927\u6e83\u8d25\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u52bf\u8868\u793a\u5fe7\u8651\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u53f2\u3001\u848b\u4e8c\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u4e0d\u548c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7279\u610f\u6d3e\u51fa\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e86\u89e3\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u5230\u534e\u540e\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u7ed9\u4e88\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u610f\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u56fd\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u969c\u788d\u30028\u6708\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u518d\u4e09\u63d0\u51fa\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u519b\u961f\u4ea4\u4e88\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u6307\u6325\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u7279\u610f\u5c06\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5c06\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u4e00\u5ea6\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u5411\u848b\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5f97\u6089\u540e\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u5c06\u8be5\u4efd\u7535\u62a5\u4ea4\u4e88\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5feb\u6170\u4e4b\u611f\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u56de\u8986\u7f57\u65af\u798f\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u8981\u5c06\u6307\u6325\u6743\u4ea4\u4e88\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff0c\u5b81\u613f\u4e0d\u60dc\u8131\u79bb\u76df\u56fd\u72ec\u81ea\u6297\u65e5\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u6743\u8861\u4e0b\u57281944\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u4e0b\u8fbe\u547d\u4ee4\u64a4\u6362\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff0c\u5176\u804c\u52a1\u7531\u9b4f\u5fb7\u8fc8\u63a5\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4efb\u7f8e\u519b\u7b2c\u5341\u519b\u56e2\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ca\u7b2c\u516d\u519b\u56e2\u53f8\u4ee4\u30021946\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u73b0\u5f79\u4e2d\u56e0\u764c\u75c7\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

Ledo Road<\/strong><\/p>\n

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<\/p>\n

The Ledo Road, (from Ledo, Arunachal Pradesh, India to Kunming, Yunnan, China) was built during World War II so that the Western Allies could supply the Chinese as an alternative to the Burma Road which had been cut by the Japanese in 1942. It was renamed the Stilwell Road (named after General Vinegar Joe Stilwell of the U.S. Army)) in early 1945 at the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek. After Rangoon was captured by the Japanese and before the Ledo Road was finished, the majority of supplies to the Chinese were delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains known as the Hump.<\/p>\n

In the nineteenth century British railway builders had surveyed the Pangsau Pass, which is 3,727 feet (1,136 meters) high on the India-Burma border, on the Patkai crest, above Nampong, Arunachal Pradesh (then part of Assam). They concluded that a track could be pushed through to Burma and down the Hukawng Valley. Although the proposal was dropped, the British prospected the Patkai Range for a road from Assam into northern Burma. British engineers had surveyed the route for a road for the first eighty miles. After the British had been pushed back out of most of Burma by the Japanese, building this road became a priority for the United States.<\/p>\n

Building the Ledo Road<\/strong><\/p>\n

On the December 1, 1942, British General Sir Archibald Wavell, the supreme commander of the Far Eastern Theatre, agreed with American General Stilwell to make the Ledo Road an American NCAC operation. The Ledo Road was intended to be the primary supply route to China, and was built under the direction of General Stilwell from the railhead at Ledo (Assam, India)[1] to Bhamo on the Burma Road so that supplies could reach the railhead at Mogaung. Stilwell’s staff estimated that the Ledo Road route would supply 65,000 tons of supplies per month, greatly surpassing tonnage then being airlifted over the Hump to China.[2] General Claire Lee Chennault, the USAAF Fourteenth Air Force commander, thought the projected tonnage levels were overly optimistic, and doubted that such an extended network of trails through difficult jungle could ever match the amount of supplies that could be delivered with modern cargo transport aircraft.[3]<\/p>\n

The road was built by 15,000 American soldiers (60% of whom were African-Americans) and 35,000 local workers at a cost of US$150 Million. 1,100 Americans died during the construction, as well as many more locals.[4] As most of Burma was in Japanese hands it was not possible to acquire information as to the topography, soils, and river behaviour before construction started. This information had to be acquired as the road was constructed.<\/p>\n

General Stilwell had organized a ‘Service of Supply’ (SOS) under the command of Major General Raymond A. Wheeler, a high profile US Army Engineer and assigned him to look after the construction of the Ledo Road. Major General Wheeler in turn, assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction to Colonel John C. Arrowsmith. Later, he was replaced by Colonel Lewis A. Pick, an expert US Army engineer.<\/p>\n

Work started on the first 103 mile (166 km) section of the road in December 1942, followed a steep, narrow trail through territory from Ledo, across the Patkai Range through the Pangsau Pass, nicknamed “Hell Pass” for its difficulty, and down to Shingbwiyang, Burma. Sometimes rising as high as 4,500 feet (1400 m), the road required the removal of earth at the rate of 100,000 cubic feet per mile (1800 m\u00b3\/km). Steep gradients, hairpin curves and sheer drops of 200 feet (60 m), all surrounded by a thick rain forest was the norm for this first section. The first bulldozer reached Shingbwiyang on 27 December 1943, three days ahead of schedule.<\/p>\n

The building of this section allowed much-needed supplies to flow to the troops engaged in attacking the Japanese 18th Division, which was defending the Northern area of Burma with their strongest forces around the towns of Kamaing, Mogaung and Myitkyina. Before the Ledo road reached Shingbwiyang, Allied troops (the majority of whom were American-trained Chinese Divisions of the X Force) had been totally dependent on supplies flown in over the Patkai Range. As the Japanese were forced to retreat south so the Ledo road was extended. This was made considerably easier from Shingbwiyang by the presence of a fair weather road built by the Japanese, and the Ledo road generally followed the Japanese trace. As the road was built, two 10 cm (4 inch) fuel pipe lines were laid side by side so that fuel for the supply vehicles could be piped instead of trucked along the road.<\/p>\n

After the initial section to Shingbwiyang, more sections followed: Warazup, Myitkyina and Bhamo, 372 miles (600 km) from Ledo. At that point the road joined a spur of the old Burma road and although improvements to further sections followed the road was passable. The spur passed through Namkham 439 miles (558 km) from Ledo and finally at the Mong-Yu road junction, 465 miles (748 km) from Ledo, the Ledo road met the Burma road. To get to the Mong-Yu junction the Ledo road had to span 10 major rivers and 155 secondary streams, averaging one bridge every 2.8 miles (4.5 km). For the first convoys, if they turned right, they were on their way to Lashio 100 miles (160 km) to the South through Japanese-occupied Burma, if they turned left Wanting lay 60 miles (100 km) to the North just over the China-Burma border. However, by late 1944, the road still did not reach China; by this time, tonnage airlifted over the Hump to China had significantly expanded with the arrival of more modern transport aircraft.<\/p>\n

In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell accepted responsibility for building the Ledo Road, it connected to the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at Hukawng Valley were under repair due to heavy monsoon rains, and it became a highway stretching from Assam, India to Kunming, China 1,079 miles (1736 km) length. On January 12, 1945, the first convoy of 113 vehicles, led by General Pick, departed from Ledo; they reached Kunming, China on February 4, 1945. In the six months following its opening, trucks carried 129,000 tons of supplies from India to China.[5] Twenty-six thousand trucks that carried the cargo (one-way) were handed over to the Chinese.[5] However, as General Chennault had predicted, supplies carried over the Ledo Road at no time approached tonnage levels of supplies airlifted monthly into China via the Hump.[6] In the month of July 1945, the last full month before the end of the war, 71,000 tons of supplies were flown over the Hump, compared to only 6,000 tons using the Ledo Road; the airlift operation continued in operation until the end of the war, with a total tonnage of 650,000 tons compared to 147,00 for the Ledo Road.[6][3] By the time supplies were flowing over the Ledo Road in large quantities, operations in other theaters had shaped the course of the war against Japan.[2]<\/p>\n

There was a mile sign at the start of the Ledo Road with the following information[7][8]<\/p>\n

Ledo Assam 0
\nShingbwiyang 103
\nWarazup 189
\nMyitkyina 268
\nBhamo 372
\nWanting 507
\n Lunfling 560
\nPaoshan 652
\nYungping 755
\nYunnanyi 876
\nTsuyung 959 <\/p>\n

Kunming 1079 <\/p>\n

When flying over the Hukawng Valley during the monsoon, Mountbatten asked his staff what was the name of the river below them. An American officer replied, “That’s not a river, it’s the Ledo Road.”[9]<\/p>\n

American Army units assigned to the Ledo Road<\/strong><\/p>\n

The units initially assigned to the initial section were:[10]<\/p>\n

45th Engineer General Service Regiment (An African-American Unit)
\n823rd Aviation Engineer Battalion (EAB) (An African-American Unit) <\/p>\n

In 1943 they were joined by:<\/p>\n

848th EAB (An African-American Unit)
\n849th EAB (An African-American Unit)
\n858th EAB (An African-American Unit)
\n1883rd EAB (An African-American Unit) <\/p>\n

Work continued through 1944 in late December it was opened for the transport of logistics. In January 1945, four of the black EABs (along with three white battalions) continued working on the now renamed Stilwell Road, improving and widening it.<\/p>\n

Views on the construction the road<\/strong><\/p>\n

Winston Churchill called the project “an immense, laborious task, unlikely to be finished until the need for it has passed”.<\/p>\n

The British Field Marshal William Slim who commanded the British Fourteenth Army in India\/Burma wrote of the Ledo Road:<\/p>\n

I agreed with Stilwell that the road could be built. I believed that, properly equipped and efficiently led, Chinese troops could defeat Japanese if, as would be the case with his Ledo force, they had a considerable numerical superiority. On the engineering side I had no doubts. We had built roads over country as difficult, with much less technical equipment than the Americans would have. My British engineers, who had surveyed the trace for the road for the first eighty miles [130 km], were quite confident about that. We were already, on the Central front, maintaining great labour forces over equally gimcrack lines of communication. Thus far Stilwell and I were in complete agreement, but I did not hold two articles of his faith. I doubted the overwhelming war-winning value of this road, and, in any case, I believed it was starting from the wrong place. The American amphibious strategy in the Pacific, of hopping from island to island would, I was sure, bring much quicker results than an overland advance across Asia with a Chinese army yet to be formed. In any case, if the road was to be really effective, its feeder railway should start from Rangoon, not Calcutta.<\/p>\n

\u2014William Slim.[11]<\/p>\n

Post World War II<\/strong><\/p>\n

After Burma was liberated, the road fell into gradual disrepair. The last recorded vehicular journey from Ledo to Myitkyina and beyond (but not to China) was the Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition which in 1955 drove from London to Singapore and back. For many years, travel into the region was highly restricted because of an active insurgency against the Government of India. Because of continuous clashes between insurgents (which were seeking shelter in Burma) and the Indian Armed Forces, India imposed harsh restrictions between 1962 and the mid 1990s on travel into Burma which also applied to all outsiders.<\/p>\n

More recent attempts to travel the road have met with different results. The expedition book written by Tim Slessor reported that bridges were down in the section between Pangsau Pass and Shingbwiyang. At present the Nampong-Pangsau Pass section is passable in 4WD vehicles. The road on the Burmese side is reportedly fit for vehicular traffic. Donovan Webster reached Shingbwiyang on wheels in 2001, and in mid-2005 veterans of the Burma Star Association were invited to join a ‘down memory lane’ trip to Shingbwiyang organised by a politically well connected travel agent. None of these groups which successfully travelled the road made any comment on the political or human rights situation on Burma afterward. Burmese from Pangsau village saunter nonchalantly across Pangsau Pass down to Nampong in India for marketing, for the border is open despite the presence of insurgents on both sides. There are Assam Rifles and Burma Army posts at Nampong and Pangsau respectively. But the rules for locals in these border areas do not necessarily apply to westerners. The governments of both countries keep careful watch on the presence of westerners in the border areas and the land border is officially closed. Those who cross without permission risk arrest or problems with smugglers\/insurgents in the area.<\/p>\n

Reconstruction in Modern Burma<\/strong><\/p>\n

In recent years, the Burmese government has focused on the reconstruction of the Ledo Road as an alternative to the existing Lashio-Kunming Burma Road. The Chinese government completed construction of the Myitkyina-Kambaiti section in 2007 and the Rangoon based Yuzana company is constructing the section between Myitkyina and Tanai.[12][13]<\/p>\n

allied_lines_in_se_asia_1942-43.jpg
\nAllied lines of communication in Southeast Asia (1942\u201343). The Ledo Road is shown at far right.<\/p>\n

burma_and_ledo_road_1944-45.jpg
\nBurma Road and Ledo Road in 1944<\/p>\n

flagsoverstilwellroad.gif
\nA U.S. Army soldier and a Chinese soldier place the flag of their ally on the front of their jeep just before the first truck convoy in almost three years crossed the China border en route from Ledo, India, to Kunming, China, over the Stilwell road in 1945<\/p>\n

http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ledo_Road<\/p>\n

\n

STILWELL ROAD<\/strong><\/p>\n

The historic Stilwell’s Road, which was constructed by the Americans during the Second World War from Ledo in Assam, India, which is one of the rail-heads of the Bengal-Assam railway in the valley of the Upper Brahmaputra during that time to Burma Road connecting to Kunming, China passes through Lekhapani, Jairampur, Nampong and Pangsau pass, India-Burma (Myanmar) border. It winds up the passes of 9000 feet Patkai Range and emerges at Shindbwiyang and then Myitkyina. It crosses the broad bowl of the Upper Chindwin, threads the Hukawng and Mogaung valleys, and goes down to Bhamo and to the Burma road which connects Kunming, Yunnan province, China.<\/p>\n

stilwellroadmap1.jpg
\nWorld War II map of Stilwell Road, China-Burma-India front <\/p>\n

Originally it was called ‘Ledo Road’; later it was name after the General Joseph Warren Stilwell (1883-1946), Chief of Staff to Allied Forces in China-Burma-India theatre for defence of Burma (Myanmar) from Japanese forces under the Generalissimo, Marshal Chiang Kai-shek, Supreme Command of the forces of the United Nations in China, including such parts of Indo-China and Siam as might become accessible to the troops. <\/p>\n

The Ledo road (Stilwell’s Road) was constructed under his direct supervision during the war. He had also participated in the First World war and mastered the Chinese language during his stay at Philippines and China after the War. He was better known to the World as “Vinegar Joe”, though his troops called him “Uncle Joe”.<\/p>\n

Initially, this project was prospected by British long before the Second World War and could not implemented until the agreement between the British and Joseph W. Stilwell representing Americans on December 1, 1942 during the Second World War when Burma was fully under Seized by the Japanese forces.<\/p>\n

Allied Forces extremely in need of this road for restoration of line of communication between China and Burma, and a line of communication to Allied forces in Burma from India to liberate Burma from the claws of Japanese forces as the topography of the Indo-Burma border was very difficult terrains with thick, inaccessible and malaria and Dysentery infested forests. General Stilwell’s Operations Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Frank D. Merrill recommended building a road from Ledo, Assam, India to Burma connecting the old Burma Road to provide a Land Supply to China and Burma for support of the Allied soldiers who were fighting in the North Burma.<\/p>\n

Lieutenant Colonel Frank D. Merrill Commanding officer of “the experienced jungle troops, for a dangerous and hazardous Mission – somewhere” lead his specially trained 5307 Composite Unit (Provisional) called “Merrill’s Marauders”, code named “Galahad” to the Ledo Road and started marching on foot from Margherita, near Ledo, India on February 7, 1944 passing through Pangsau Pass (Hell Pass), Shindbwiyang, Jambu-Bam, and then Myitkyina most of the times fighting and struggling against rains, mud, swamps, Malaria, Dysentery, Typhoid and strategically positioned enemies at different locations on their way. Merrill’s Marauders seized Myitkyina air-strip on May 17, 1944 despite strong resistance from Japanese forces. Then after some days later, they captured Myitkyina town itself, which was stronghold of Japanese forces based in north Burma and the two months campaign ended on August 3, 1944 with Merrill’s Marauders 127 deaths and 291 wounded besides, other casualties. Myitkyina was one of the main missions of Stilwell. <\/p>\n

In December 1942, the road construction begun by constructing Warehouses, Hospitals, Barracks and base roads at Ledo, Assam, India side by side fighting with the Japanese forces. On December 16, 1942, Americans began building the double-track, all-weather Ledo road. Subsequently, the Americans had brought heavy road construction machineries to these wild hills like Bulldozers, Cranes, Power-shovels, Caterpillars, Steam-rollers, in massive procession from the United State production-lines 12,000 miles away, across two Oceans and past three Continents. <\/p>\n

General Stilwell had organized a ‘Service of Supply’ (SOS) under the command of Major General Raymond A. Wheeler, a high profile US Army Engineer and assigned him to look after the construction of the Ledo road. Major General Wheeler in turn, assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction to Colonel John C. Arrowsmith. Later, he was replaced by Colonel Lewis A. Pick, an expert US Army engineer, as road construction was slowed down under Arrowsmith during the monsoon season of 1943. He had employed some of the finest mechanical roadmakers from Americans, British, Indian, Chinese and West Africans to fight against the wild jungles, tangles of swamp and forest, deep valleys and high cliffs and test of heavy rains and floods across the Indo-Burma mountain Range.<\/p>\n

On December 27, 1943, three days ahead of schedule, the road reached Shindbwiyang Finished grading and graveling remained to be done, but the 117 miles from Ledo to Shindbwiyang were open before January 1, 1944, as General Stilwell wished. Colonel Pick’s celebration for the engineers omitted none of the available essentials. As he congratulated them for opening 54 miles of trace in 57 days, a convoy came rolling into Shindbwiyang with candy, doughnuts, and 9,600 cans of beer.<\/p>\n

In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell accepted responsibility for building the Ledo Road (Stilwell Road), it connect to the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at Hukawng Valley were under repairing due to heavy monsoon water, and it become a highway stretching from Assam, India to Kunming, China 1,079 miles length. On January 12, 1945, the first convoy of 113 vehicles was led by General Pick from Ledo and was reached Kunming, China on February 4, 1945 and celebrated the achievement. The road construction was estimated to cost 137,000,000 dollars.<\/p>\n

Two 4-inch fuel pipe lines were laid side by side and followed along the Ledo road from Tinsukia, Assam, India to relieve the road and air traffics of carrying fuel from Assam, India to China. They were fed by gasoline pumped from Calcutta to a station near their starting point. <\/p>\n

On May 20, 1945, newly promoted Major General Lewis A. Pick formally announced the completion of the Ledo road, a task he called toughest job ever given to US Army Engineers in Wartime. The road was renamed the Stilwell Road in honour of General Joseph Warren Stilwell at the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek, it was known to the Engineers who built it as “Pick’s Pike.” <\/p>\n

Major General Lewis A. Pick, US Army Engineer who built the Stilwell Road <\/p>\n

In the course of time, the Stilwell Road had virtually disappeared due to the road lies in the lands of three different nation that are China, Burma and India and due to non maintenance by the respective nations. However, 61 km of the road lies in India, 1,033 km in Burma (Myanmar) and 632 km in China. In India out of 61 km, 30 km lies in Assam and 31 km in Arunachal Pradesh. The border between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh has 14 km of the road section which is in deplorable condition. The section of road which lies within Arunachal Pradesh has been maintained by the Government of Arunachal Pradesh and the road section which lies within the area of Assam out of 14 km is in deplorable condition due to non maintenance by Government of Assam and vehicular are facing lot of difficulties.<\/p>\n

Recently it is reported that the Indian government has proposed this road for reopening as International Highway linking to Myanmar (Burma). Everyone in this area is looking forward for implementation of the project within the stipulated time. Hope this project be implemented in time. <\/p>\n

Table showing location-wise distance from Ledo, Assam, India to Kunming, Yunnan, China within the Ledo Road (Stilwell Road):<\/p>\n

STILWELL ROAD (LEDO ROAD)
\nLOCATION Distance from Ledo, Assam, India
\nin Km in Mile
\nLedo 0 0
\nPangsau Pass 61 38
\nTagap-Ga 127 79
\nShindbwiyang 165 103
\nJambu-Bum 287 178
\nWarazup 304 189
\nMyitkyina 403 250
\nBhamo 595 372
\nNamkham 707 439
\nMong-Yu (Ledo-Burma Roads junction) 749 465
\nWanting* 811 507
\nLungling* 896 560
\nPaoshan* 1,043 652
\nYungpin* 1,208 755
\nYunnanyi* 1,402 876
\nTsuyung* 1,543 959
\nKunming* 1,726 1,079
\nLENGTH OF ROAD LIES WITHIN
\nINDIA 61 38
\nMYANMAR (BURMA) 1,033 646
\nCHINA 632 395
\n* Lies on the Burma Road. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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